HDFS EXAM2 - Flashcards | StudyHippo.com

question

Judy and Jessica hang around people their same age. These people are most accurately described as:

answer

peers.

question

In comparison with teenagers in previous times, teenagers in contemporary societies spend ________ time with their peers ________ with their parents.

answer

more; than

question

Which adolescent would be expected to spend the most amount of time with his parents?

answer

Sanjay, who lives in India

question

The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological age is called:

answer

age grading.

question

All of the following contributed to the rise of age segregation in contemporary society, except:

answer

decrease in family values.

question

A group of individuals who are born during a particular time period (e.g., the baby boomers) is known as what?

answer

a cohort

question

Following the end of World War II, many parents wanted to have children as soon as possible, creating what has come to be called the postwar:

answer

baby boom.

question

During the first half of the 21st century, the adolescent population is expected to:

answer

remain constant.

question

As a social scientist who works with advocacy groups, it is most likely that Professor Sandburg would be interested in tracking the size of the adolescent population over a period of time for all of the following reasons, except:

answer

he wants to see how these groups are influenced by the mass media

question

According to some commentators, teenagers have become separate from adult society to such an extent that they have established their own society, which undermines parents' authority and emphasizes peer deviance. This society is called:

answer

the youth culture.

question

Which of the following writers has been the most vocal proponent of the idea that there is a separate and troublesome "youth culture"?

answer

James Coleman

question

In The Adolescent Society, Coleman expressed concern over the finding that adolescents:

answer

placed less emphasis on academic success than their parents.

question

A separate youth culture is said to promote all of the following, except:

answer

academics.

question

A reason stated in the text to explain why today's youth do not place the same value on education as their parents is that American adolescents:

answer

have become alienated from and unfamiliar with the values of adults.

question

According to the textbook, most teenagers feel that their friends are likely to pressure them to:

answer

drink alcohol.

question

Research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents ________than adolescents in previous times.

answer

spend more time in peer groups

question

In a particular tribe, relatives of the chief are allowed to choose their own mates, whereas others must abide by arranged marriages. This is an example of a:

answer

particularistic norm.

question

The world is arguably a more stressful place to grow up in now than it was in the past for all of the following reasons, except:

answer

adolescents are now more susceptible to their peers than were other generations.

question

In the United States, all citizens over the age of 18 are allowed to vote. This is an example of:

answer

universalistic norm.

question

Age segregation in schools is the most efficient way to educate children in societies that are:

answer

universalistic.

question

In societies in which norms are particularistic versus universalistic, age grouping of adolescents is ________ for the particularistic normed societies and ________ for the universalistic normed societies.

answer

A) not effective; effective

question

All of the following are examples of universalistic norms in American society, except:

answer

taking piano lessons.

question

Contemporary societies are more ________, whereas societies from the past were more ________

answer

universalistic; particularistic

question

In terms of time spent with peers, recent research has categorized adolescents into four different groups based on their social self-perceptions. Of these four groups, which two spend the most time with peers?

answer

desperate and confident adolescents

question

Research on the structure of cliques during high school has suggested that adolescents can fall into any of the following categories, except:

answer

clique avoiders.

question

According to Brown's (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do not fit clearly into any crowd?

answer

one-sixth

question

All of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except:

answer

a decrease in the size of their peer groups.

question

Which adolescent is most likely to have a decrease in time spent with parents and a dramatic increase in the amount of time spent with peers?

answer

Maya, a white female

question

Marilyn, a typical high school freshman, has been asked to list the people in her life who are most important to her. Nearly half the list consists of:

answer

same-age peers.

question

Eric, a 4th grader, spends a lot of time with his peers and is more likely to engage in which of the following activities:

answer

Little League baseball

question

Jordan is a preadolescent. Her friendship circle is largely comprised of other young girls. What has Jordan's social life been influenced by?

answer

sex cleavage

question

Which of the following is most characteristic of childhood peer groups?

answer

sex cleavage

question

During childhood, boys typically associate with boys, while girls primarily associate with other girls. This separation of boys and girls has been referred to as:

answer

sex cleavage

question

Professor Gates is studying large groups of adolescents to learn about their particular mini-cultures. Professor Gates is studying:

answer

crowds.

question

Understanding social relations that lead adolescents to gather in crowds is an example of which form of transition that occurs during adolescence?

answer

cognitive

question

Research studying adolescent friendship networks has found all of the following, except:

answer

more than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques.

question

Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This group of boys is called:

answer

a clique.

question

_____ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas _____ are based on reputation, rather than on actual social interaction.

answer

Cliques; crowds

question

"Druggies," "jocks," and "nerds" are examples of:

answer

crowds.

question

Mitch organizes a party for about 20 of his classmates who are all interested in theater, and they all watch a tape of the musical The Phantom of the Opera. This group of teenagers, who don't always hang out together, but share common interests, would most appropriately be labeled:

answer

a crowd.

question

In contrast to crowds, cliques:

answer

are settings for adolescents' intimate interactions.

question

Which type of crowd would probably not be found in European schools?

answer

jocks

question

Andrea, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ________ and develop her sense of identity in a ________.

answer

clique; crowd

question

A research technique in which the researcher "infiltrates" a group of individuals in order to study their behavior and relationships is called:

answer

participant observation.

question

Dr. Whitney wanted to study the structure of adolescents' peer groups. She pretended to be a newcomer to the community and attended the local high school. She met a group of students and eventually joined their group. This type of observation is called:

answer

participant observation.

question

All of the following changes typically occur during adolescence, except:

answer

larger groups are replaced by smaller cliques.

question

In early adolescence, _____ friendships are most common, and in late adolescence, _____ friendships are common.

answer

same sex; opposite sex

question

A(an) _____is an individual that has few or no links to others in the social network and a(an) _____ is an individual who interacts with two or more adolescents who are members of cliques, but who themselves are not part of a clique.

answer

isolate; liaison

question

Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during:

answer

middle adolescence.

question

According to Kinney's research, youngsters who were "nerds" in middle school:

answer

had opportunities to shift status in high school.

question

According to the research, conformity to peer pressure:

answer

peaks in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood.

question

Over the course of adolescence, which of the following is not true of changes that take place in crowds?

answer

their descriptions become more concrete (e.g., the "preppy" group becomes "the Playstation crowd")

question

By the end of high school, crowds:

answer

become less important to adolescents.

question

In middle school, Carlos was involved in many school plays and musicals. Being part of the drama crowd was important for Carlos in what way?

answer

identity development

question

Adolescent peer groups fall along two dimensions:

answer

adult orientation; peer orientation

question

Shaquille is a jock. Consequently, we would expect him to be involved in:

answer

his peer culture and in institutions valued by adults.

question

Tommy values education and works hard in school but also enjoys hanging out with his friends on the weekend. Which peer crowd is Tommy most likely to belong to?

answer

"populars"

question

Tony belongs to a peer culture called "the toughs." We would expect that Tony is:

answer

possibly a gang member.

question

A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called:

answer

a reference group.

question

Greg is the star quarterback of the football team and hangs out with Larry, who is the star pitcher of the baseball team. Ben also hangs out with Larry and Greg. When classmates refer to Ben, they call him a member of the "jocks." The crowd with which Ben associates serves as:

answer

a reference group.

question

Compared to jocks, adolescents from which of the following crowds experience more peer pressure to misbehave?

answer

"druggies"

question

Self-esteem is _____ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school.

answer

higher

question

Chuck is part of the "jock" crowd at his school. Greg is part of the "toughs." Which adolescent probably has high self-esteem?

answer

Chuck

question

Professor McGonagall has been watching the students at Hogwarts for several years as they move through adolescence. Which groups are most likely to exhibit favorable patterns of achievement over time?

answer

jocks and brains

question

Eleanor Maccoby states all of the following reasons that adolescents separate themselves into same-sex cliques, except:

answer

parents' fears that cross-sex cliques will lead to early sexual activity.

question

According to Hollingshead, adolescents associate with peers based chiefly on:

answer

social class.

question

Who is most likely to have cross-ethnic friendships?

answer

Brandy, who attends a school where one ethnic group predominates

question

By middle to late adolescence, cliques are often segregated by race. All of the following are possible explanations for this phenomenon, except:

answer

differential abilities in athletics.

question

Similarity in ________ is most likely to serve as a basis for cross-ethnic group friendships.

answer

patterns of substance use

question

Adolescents who join antisocial peer groups are likely to have:

answer

had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood.

question

Felicia has a problematic relationship with her parents. All of the following negative effects are likely to occur for Felicia, except:

answer

active school involvement.

question

The Anytown town council developed a program to curb delinquent behavior among the town's adolescents. The program had an iatrogenic effect, meaning:

answer

the program backfired and delinquent behavior increased.

question

According to the textbook and in regard to gangs, all of the following are true except:

answer

gang members have better self-conceptions than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members.

question

Dawn has always enjoyed school and excelled in her classes. In middle school, she has connected with a group of friends who also enjoy school and her grades have continued to improve. They often spend time studying together. This is an example of:

answer

selection and socialization.

question

Which of the following statements about cliques is false?

answer

Cliques are typically more emotionally salient for adolescents involved in antisocial behavior.

question

The chief determinant of popularity in high school is:

answer

social competence.

question

All of the following are classifications for unpopular or disliked adolescents, except:

answer

offensive-reclusive.

question

Which adolescent is most likely to be rejected as a result of aggressive behavior?

answer

Robert, who is highly relationally aggressive

question

Karen, a 9th grader, was mad at Cheryl for spilling juice on Karen's shirt. Karen spread a rumor that Cheryl had gossiped about her friends. Karen is using _____ to express her aggression toward Cheryl.

answer

relational aggression

question

Esther has been rejected by her peers because she is withdrawn and reclusive. Esther is most likely to be at risk for:

answer

diminished social competence.

question

Who is at the greatest risk of developing psychological problems as a result of peer rejection?

answer

an aggressive-withdrawn child

question

Hostile attributional bias:

answer

plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents.

question

Dan planned a party and invited his whole English class by passing out personal invitations. Dan accidentally forgot to make an invitation for Sam. Sam assumed he intentionally wasn't invited and became irate at Dan for excluding him. This is an example of:

answer

hostile attributional bias.

question

Which of the following is a common finding of recent cyberbullying studies?

answer

adolescents who engage in traditional bullying often also engage in cyberbullying.

question

According to the textbook, victims of cyberbullying often report all of the following adjustment problems except:

answer

parent-child conflict.

question

Which of the following statements regarding internet harassment is false?

answer

most cyberbullying is conducted anonymously.

question

Pepler, Jiang, Craig, & Connolly (2008) studied a sample of 10 to 17 year old Toronto youths and found that:

answer

about 40% of adolescents have never bullied anyone.

question

The following is often a trademark of persistent bullies:

answer

1. more troubled family relationships. 2.more troubled peer relationships. 3. greater difficulty controlling aggression.

question

Interventions designed to help unpopular adolescents improve their social skills have employed which of the following techniques?

answer

teaching social skills like self-expression and leadership techniques

question

In contrast to the role of the peer group in adolescent development, the family is best suited for helping the adolescent with regard to:

answer

responsibility.

question

Adolescents who use aggression deliberately, known as ________, are much more popular than adolescents who use aggression without planning to, known as _

answer

instrumental aggression; reactive aggression

question

The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by:

answer

a combination of aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills.

question

Sarah is a popular teenage girl who has just been made captain of the cheerleading squad. She is very socially adept, and notices that Britney, her social rival, is starting to enjoy more attention from their peers than Sarah receives. Jealous, she decides to start a rumor about Britney that she knows will cause many people to stop liking Britney. Sarah's behavior is best described as an example of what?

answer

relational aggression

question

Secondary education refers to:

answer

middle school, junior high school, and high school.

question

According to Jacquelynne Eccles, a thorough understanding of school and its impact on adolescent development requires an examination of:

answer

what goes on beyond the classroom.

question

In America today, what percentage of individuals between the ages of 14 and 17 are in school?

answer

virtually all individuals

question

The practice of moving students from one grade to the next regardless of their academic performance is known as what?

answer

social promotion

question

The average American school year is _____ days long.

answer

180

question

Compared with their counterparts from previous decades, today's American adolescents:

answer

spend more days per year in school.

question

Today, the typical student attends nearly ____ of his/her classes throughout the year.

answer

90%

question

Not only are schools the chief educational arena for adolescents, but they also play an extremely important role in:

answer

1. defining the young person's social world and social network 2. shaping psychosocial development 3. the development of motivations, aspirations, and expectations

question

Changes in the structure of secondary schools have been linked to broader societal revolutions. All of the following factors have contributed to these changes, except:

answer

intellectualization.

question

Which of the following is NOT a factor that moved children out of the workplace?

answer

discrimination against young workers

question

Amy, a social reformer in the early 20th century, would have likely considered all of the following to be good reasons to push for secondary education, except:

answer

it is effective in increasing the economic development of the United States.

question

In addition to the school year being longer than it was in the past:

answer

adolescents remain in school for more years

question

Prior to the early twentieth century, high schools were designed:

answer

for elite youngsters.

question

During the 1920s, the _____ was designed to meet the needs of a diverse and growing population of young people.

answer

comprehensive high school

question

As discussed in the textbook, during the 1950s, how did the U.S. respond when politicians felt the United States had lost its scientific edge to the former Soviet Union?

answer

increased emphasis was placed on math and science education

question

During the 1970s, educational reformers sought to promote greater emphasis on _____ in the school curriculum.

answer

career and experiential programs

question

International comparisons of student achievement consistently found that American youngsters were faring poorly. Noting that America was losing its competitive edge in the world market, what did reformers call for?

answer

more academic rigor

question

According to the textbook, which of the following resulted from standards-based reform:

answer

educators could not agree on the body of knowledge and skills that comprised what high school graduates should know and be able to do

question

Diane Ravitch, and educational historian, argues that the problem with the comprehensive high school has been a lack of focus. Which of the following is NOT one of the beliefs she argues has interfered with successful educational reform:

answer

that parents need to grant their children more independence

question

Mr. Edwards is the principal at a public school and has just read a research study that discussed ways to maximize student's success. The main message of the research study was that what takes place within a school is probably more important than the nature of its funding and oversight. Based on what you learned from the textbook, what do you think the researchers argued that schools should focus on?

answer

the ways in which schools train, certify, place, and compensate teachers

question

Some critics of the No Child Left Behind act argued that it was having the unintended consequence of:

answer

providing incentives for schools to push low-achieving students out of school

question

President Obama's education secretary suggested what to address the problem of the state-dependent standards in the No Child Left Behind act?

answer

the need to have a set of common standards across all 50 states

question

Educational historian Diane Ravitch believes that:

answer

the basic problem with the comprehensive public high school is lack of focus.

question

Experts are likely to express all of the following reasons for the failure of school reform, except:

answer

the explosion of job opportunities in inner-city communities have left many students leaving school to pursue careers.

question

Which of the following statements about classroom environment is true?

answer

Moderate, rather than strict, control in the classroom promotes positive student behavior.

question

Annie is an adolescent enrolled in Mr. Love's science class. Annie will most likely do best in class when Mr. Love:

answer

spends a high proportion of time teaching lessons

question

Mrs. Denny wants to provide the best educational opportunities for all of the students in her high school. As school principal, she should:

answer

keep remedial classes small, but not worry if other classes have as many as 40 students.

question

Which of the following research findings does NOT provide evidence to support the achievement gap between White and nonwhite youngsters?

answer

The assessments of Harlem Children's Zone indicated that White and nonWhite students performed equally well.

question

Which of the following statements is true?

answer

As school size increases, academic achievement decreases.

question

Which has a greater effect on students' scholastic achievement: school size or class size?

answer

school size

question

Comparisons of large and small schools reveal that:

answer

students in small schools are more likely to participate in school activities.

question

According to evidence cited in the text, the ideal size of a school for adolescents is between:

answer

600 and 900 students.

question

Which of the following is NOT a benefit that small schools offer?

answer

more varied instruction

question

Mitch attends a high school where 95% of the students are involved in extracurricular activities. This probably also will mean that at Mitch's school:

answer

student enrollment is low.

question

Marnia attends a school with seventh and eighth graders as well as adolescents who are 1 or 2 years younger. This type of educational institution is called a:

answer

middle school.

question

To reduce the decline of students' academic knowledge, the Carnegie Corporation Council on Adolescent Development recommends all of the following, except:

answer

divide middle schools into units of 50 to 100 students.

question

Jillian's family is moving to another town. Her parents are concerned that Jillian will have a difficult time adjusting to the new school. In which of the following areas should they anticipate disruptions for Jillian?

answer

1.academic performance 2.behavior 3.self-image

question

Debbie is moving from elementary school into middle school. We would expect her to experience declines in all of the following, except her:

answer

standardized test scores.

question

Jacquelynne Eccles describes all of the following changes in school environment when moving from elementary school to middle school or junior high school, except that:

answer

teachers in middle and junior high schools feel more confident in their teaching abilities.

question

Jacquelynne Eccles believes that ________ a negative effect on junior high school teachers, which then affects the teachers' interactions with their students.

answer

the organization and anonymity of junior high schools have

question

Eccles argues that the difficulty adolescents experience in the transition to junior high school is a result of the:

answer

teachers' beliefs about junior high students.

question

One study described in the textbook indicated that, among Black and Latino students, transitioning to a school where the proportion of students from the same ethnic background is lower than it had been at their previous school is associated with all of the following except:

answer

greater engagement in school

question

________ involvement has been found to enhance the adjustment of low-income students in their transition to middle school.

answer

Parental

question

Decisions about whether to implement tracking in non-tracked schools, or whether to "de-track" schools that use ability grouping, are typically quite controversial; not surprisingly, parents of students in the higher tracks _____, while parents in the lower tracks _____.

answer

favor the practice; oppose it

question

The process of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called:

answer

tracking.

question

Even though Scott has some difficulty in English, his school places him in the highest track. Scott's school follows which type of tracking system?

answer

inclusive

question

Placing students in tracks that match their abilities is called:

answer

meritocratic.

question

Which of the following statements about tracking is false?

answer

Teaching quality is more or less the same in different tracks.

question

Of these students who were initially placed in a low track, ________ is most likely to be moved to a higher track.

answer

Sarah, a White adolescent

question

Sex bias in tracking students in junior and senior high schools is most evident in which subject?

answer

math

question

Professor Lerner is investigating sexism in tracking in same-sex schools and in coeducational schools. She is likely to find:

answer

sexism exists in all of these schools.

question

According to the text, _____ do better in math during elementary school and _____ are more likely to be enrolled in advanced math classes in high school.

answer

girls; boys

question

Taisha was discouraged from taking math classes throughout her high school years. Although she is intelligent, a likely long-term implication of this biased tracking is that Taisha will:

answer

miss the opportunity to pursue certain careers for which she may be well qualified.

question

Sarah was placed in an advanced track at school. Which of the following is Sarah NOT likely to experience?

answer

classroom activities that emphasize rote memorization

question

According to the textbook, being placed in a more advanced track has which of the follow effects:

answer

positive influence on subsequent course selection

question

According to a recent analysis of national data discussed in the textbook, Black students were especially likely to be enrolled in:

answer

lower-track math classes in school in which Blacks are in the minority, even after taking into account students' qualifications

question

Which of this following is a mechanism by which higher socioeconomic parents help their children become enrolled in higher-track classes?

answer

1.adolescents from more well-off families more frequently consult with their parents about what courses to take 2. higher socioeconomic parents frequently succeed in lobbying their child's school for a changed track placement

question

Michelle has been placed in a school program for gifted children. She was probably selected because she:

answer

has a high IQ.

question

A learning disability:

answer

may be caused by a neurological problem.

question

Although Chris is significantly delayed developmentally he goes to a regular grade school, takes classes in social studies, music, and physical education with the non-handicapped students, and goes to special classes to learn about reading and arithmetic. This situation is an example of

answer

mainstreaming.

question

Under current federal law, children with learning disabilities must be:

answer

mainstreamed whenever possible.

question

Which adolescent would be expected to have the most positive academic self-concept?

answer

Claudia Jean, a gifted student who is integrated into the regular classroom

question

Susannah's school psychologist has recently determined that Susannah has a learning disability. Her parents are concerned about the effects this will have. Which effect should the psychologist warn her parents about?

answer

1.Susannah may have trouble making friends. 2.She is more likely to drop out of school. 3.She will have more trouble coping with school.

question

By the 1960s, after Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, schools were called on to:

answer

implement desegregation programs.

question

Samantha attends a public school that has a great deal of freedom to set its own curriculum. This type of school is referred to as what in your text?

answer

charter school

question

As a follow-up to the Supreme Court rulings in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954, 1955), in which the Court found that it was unconstitutional to maintain separate schools for children on the basis of race, the Supreme Court rule in 2007 that school districts may no longer:

answer

use race as a factor in deciding how to assign students to schools

question

Beth attends a multiethnic school. Compared to schools that are less well balanced, Beth is most likely to feel:

answer

1.safer 2.less lonely 3.less harassed

question

Kelly's parents are disappointed with the education she is receiving in her public high school, so they have been investigating alternative options. Assuming Kelly's parents are financially strapped but want to send her to a private school, which of the following should they do?

answer

obtain government-subsidized school vouchers to use for private school tuition

question

According to the textbook, why do private school students academically outperform students at public schools?

answer

because of the characteristics of the students who attend private schools

question

The recent, get-tough approach to dealing with violence in schools that has been hotly debated among researchers is known as:

answer

the zero-tolerance approach.

question

As discussed in your text, the major characteristics of good schools include all but which of the following?

answer

emphasizing rote memorization and passive listening in classrooms

question

According to the textbook, which of the following explanations support why some researchers believe the availability of private schools in urban areas has contributed to racial segregation?

answer

many White students who would otherwise attend their neighborhood public school attend private school instead

question

All of the following are factors associated with higher performance of students as a result of the social capital in Catholic schools relative to other schools, except:

answer

better use of academic tracking.

question

Which of the following is most important in influencing adolescents' learning and psychosocial development?

answer

school climate

question

Which aspect of the school climate is the least important in influencing psychosocial development during adolescence?

answer

class size

question

Ms. Willingham sets high standards for her students but is very responsive to their needs. What type of teaching style is this characteristic of?

answer

authoritative

question

What kind of family environment most closely resembles the optimal classroom environment?

answer

authoritative

question

Which of the following has the least effect on student achievement?

answer

the classroom

question

According to a national survey, how many students in American public schools have been victims of violence?

answer

1 out of 4

question

With respect to violence in schools:

answer

although there has been a decrease in the number of school shootings since the 1990s, there has been an increase in the number of student deaths as a result of school violence.

question

Which boy is most likely to commit an act of lethal violence?

answer

It is virtually impossible to predict which student will commit a lethal crime.

question

Research has shown that teachers tend to favor high-achieving students by providing extra cues for answers and more positive nonverbal behaviors than for lower-achieving students. Such evidence provides support for the notion that teachers' expectations may contribute to:

answer

the self-fulfilling prophecy.

question

One potential explanation for the finding that gifted students who are integrated into regular classrooms have more positive academic self-conceptions than those in special classes is:

answer

the big-fish--little pond effect.

question

Kerry and Kristie's teacher accidentally got their test scores mixed up and mistakenly thought that Kerry was the more intelligent of the two girls. At the end of the year, her records demonstrated that, indeed, Kerry had gained more and performed at a higher level than Kristie. This is best thought of as an example of:

answer

the self-fulfilling prophecy.

question

The extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work is called:

answer

student engagement.

question

Generalizing from the text, who would benefit most from summer school?

answer

Ron, an adolescent living in a low SES neighborhood

question

Today, approximately _____ of high school graduates enroll in college immediately after graduation.

answer

two-thirds

question

What two dominant characteristics distinguish the development of postsecondary education in contemporary America from that in other parts of the world?

answer

diversity and accessibility

question

Based on the textbook, which of the following statements is NOT an accurate description of most other industrialized nations?

answer

postsecondary education systems are composed of a wide variety of public and private two-and four-year institutions, some emphasizing a liberal arts education and others focusing more on technical, vocational, and pre-professional training

question

Of the students who enter college, what percent complete their degrees within six years?

answer

fewer than 60%

question

President George W. Bush's 2002 mandate that all children, regardless of economic circumstance, achieve academic proficiency is called the:

answer

No Child Left Behind Act.

question

Research suggests that creating "schools within schools" in larger high schools is associated with all except which of the following?

answer

improving students' mental and physical health outcomes

question

What is the paradox of dropping out of school?

answer

Students who drop out are typically the ones who are most harmed by doing so.

question

During the school year, the rate of academic progress was equal between students with higher socioeconomic status and disadvantaged students. During the summer months:

answer

disadvantaged students' scores declined.

question

According to adolescents, what is the best thing about school?

answer

being with friends

question

Today's teenagers spend the most hours:

answer

on leisure activities.

question

All of the following led to an increase in free time for contemporary adolescents, except:

answer

organized youth movements.

question

Adolescents spend the least amount of time on _____ activities and the most amount of time on _____ activities.

answer

productive; leisure

question

Expanding opportunities for adolescents to get involved in community service would be associated with all but which of the following outcomes?

answer

increasing the likelihood that they drop out of school

question

American high school students spend fewer than _____ hours per week on homework, while Japanese high school students average closer to _____.

answer

5; 5 hours per day

question

Which adolescent is least likely to spend leisure time reading?

answer

Jeannette, who lives in the United States

question

Which adolescent is most likely to spend free time with friends?

answer

Jenny, who lives in the United States

question

What percentage of today's high school students will have worked in an after school job before graduating?

answer

between 80-90%

question

On average, all of the following are true in regard to high school student employment except:

answer

50% of adolescents work during the school year

question

According to the textbook, all of the following contributed to the rise of the adolescent workplace in the United States, except:

answer

industrialization.

question

According to the textbook, which of the following is not true?

answer

many working adolescents are busy with school or work commitments for close to 50 hours a week (including time devoted to extracurricular activities or homework).

question

Which of the following characteristics of the retail and restaurant industries contributed to the rise in adolescent employment?

answer

1.need for part-time workers 2.abundance of low wage positions 3.short shift schedules

question

Older students are more likely to hold _____jobs and working teenagers in rural areas are more likely to be employed in _____jobs.

answer

formal; agricultural

question

Paid youth employment during the school year is virtually nonexistent in places such as:

answer

France, Hungary, Russia, and Switzerland

question

Who is more likely to be employed during the school year?

answer

Both Daryl and Theresa are equally likely to be employed.

question

Justin is a typical American working adolescent. He is probably busy with school and work for approximately _____ hours a week.

answer

50

question

According to the textbook, in general, how does employment affect adolescent development?

answer

the question of how adolescents are affected by working depends on many factors, including the nature of the job, the number of hours worked each week, and the aspect of development studied.

question

Who is more likely to hold a part-time job during high school?

answer

Selena, an American adolescent

question

An adolescent who works in a government-sponsored apprenticeship and spends more time outside of school doing homework is most likely from:

answer

Europe.

question

In contrast to adolescents in the United States, adolescents in Europe:

answer

are more likely to have an apprenticeship while in high school.

question

Ryan did a survey at his middle school of the most common after-school jobs for the eighth grade class. What are his results likely to say?

answer

baby-sitting and lawn work

question

Hillary is a high school senior. Which of the following jobs is she most likely to have?

answer

food server at a restaurant

question

Which of the following jobs would be least likely to be held by an adolescent girl?

answer

newspaper carrier

question

Overall, the greatest number of working high school students are employed in:

answer

restaurants and retail establishments.

question

Parker, a senior in high school, is looking for a job. What type of job is he least likely to take?

answer

nurses' aide

question

Stan's parents both work long hours. They are concerned that he doesn't have enough interaction with adults. If they want him to be exposed to more adult interaction, which of the following activities should they not encourage him to do?

answer

get a job at the local music store

question

Research assessing adolescent work experiences found:

answer

adolescents are unlikely to see their coworkers outside of work.

question

Robert, a 15-year-old, works for a fast-food restaurant. How old is Robert's supervisor most likely to be?

answer

not much older than Robert

question

Jamie works at McDonald's. She had a bad day at work. Who is she least likely to talk to about her bad day?

answer

her adult supervisor at work

question

Which of the following is true of most adolescents' jobs?

answer

Adolescents are rarely required to use skills taught in school.

question

Overall, teenagers are least likely to comment that their jobs:

answer

are dreary.

question

Which of the following statements is not supported by research with regard to adolescent employment?

answer

Working builds character, teaches adolescents about the "real world," and helps them prepare for adult responsibilities.

question

A U-shaped or inverted-U pattern of results, as seen in studies that have examined how adolescents' moods change over time when with their families, is called what?

answer

a curvilinear pattern

question

Ruben works over 20 hours a week during the school year and Marianne does not work at all. Ruben, compared to Marianne, is more likely to:

answer

endorse unethical business practices.

question

The average working high school student earns _____ per month in wages.

answer

$400

question

Lisa earns approximately $300 a month from her part-time job. She is most likely to spend the money on:

answer

personal luxuries.

question

Having more income than one can manage during early adolescence has been called:

answer

premature affluence.

question

Which of the following is not an effect of premature affluence?

answer

increased social belongingness

question

Which of the following is an adolescent the least likely to spend their job earnings on?

answer

higher education

question

What makes adolescents attractive targets for a variety of businesses?

answer

1.the size of the adolescent population 2.the prevalence of student employment 3. the fact that adolescents save less than any other age group

question

As discussed in the textbook, adolescents who work more than 20 hours weekly are more likely than their peers to:

answer

be absent from school.

question

Which of the following is not associated with adolescents who work?

answer

greater enjoyment of school

question

Much of adolescents' money is spent on discretionary purchases related to leisure activities. Additionally, many adolescents spend money on ____, which accounts for one-sixth of the amount of dollars spent each year on _____.

answer

alcohol and cigarettes; alcohol

question

Which of the following has not been found to be a characteristic of adolescents who work more than 20 hours per week?

answer

more involvement in extracurricular activities

question

How are nonworking students affected when large numbers of students in their school work?

answer

They do not get as good an education because many teachers lower classroom expectations.

question

Abner works long hours on weekends and after school. Research suggests that Abner is:

answer

likely to engage in minor delinquency

question

Cory works long hours. According to the research presented in the textbook, Cory might increase in which of the following:

answer

1.aggression 2.school misconduct 3. minor delinquency

question

Pam uses marijuana every weekend. Based on the options below and according to the textbook, it is most likely that:

answer

Pam works long hours.

question

Fewer than ____ of teens are out of school, unemployed, and looking for full-time work.

answer

8%

question

Which of the following statements about unemployed youth is false?

answer

The majority of unemployed youth are unmotivated to find work.

question

According to research by Wayne Osgood and colleagues, the combination of several factors is the recipe for delinquency and other problem behaviors among adolescents. This view is called the routine activity theory, and all but which of the following are thought to be major contributing factors to this combination?

answer

lower then average intelligence

question

Drawing on research that shows that certain extracurricular activities benefit adolescents, and research showing the potential dangers of leaving adolescents unsupervised after school, some experts have argued that well-designed programs will not only deter problem behavior but also encourage youth to develop strengths. This emphasis on developing positive attributes is known as what?

answer

D) positive youth development

question

All of the following are noted to be benefits of service learning, except:

answer

teaching respect and obedience.

question

The positive effects of service learning are most likely to occur in all of the following circumstances, except when:

answer

adolescents are closely supervised.

question

Based on the success rates of different interventions designed to combat youth unemployment, the textbook suggests that efforts be directed at all of the following ways to reduce youth unemployment except:

answer

providing government training programs for adolescents who are not in school.

question

Research suggests that the best way to combat the unemployment problem of adolescents who are not attending school is through:

answer

helping adolescents stay in school.

question

The Experience Sampling Method involves:

answer

adolescents carrying beepers and reporting their moods when paged.

question

The Experience Sampling Method was created by:

answer

Larson.

question

Emma is dancing to her favorite song on the radio when her electronic pager goes off. Emma proceeds to pull out a notebook and record her current emotional state. This type of data collection is called:

answer

Experience Sampling Method.

question

When are adolescents usually in the "worst" mood?

answer

when they are alone

question

Between grades 5 and 9, adolescents' moods while with friends become more positive, whereas moods while with their families follow a(n) _____ pattern.

answer

curvilinear

question

Ivan, a teenager, is most likely to expend high levels of concentration and interest when he is:

answer

playing sports.

question

Kent has been involved in minor delinquent behavior. In order to curb this type of behavior, Kent's parents should:

answer

enroll Kent in an after-school activity.

question

The most popular type of extracurricular activities are:

answer

athletics.

question

Aside from athletics, which types of extracurricular activity are next most popular among adolescents?

answer

music-related and academic-related

question

Jeb has the choice of several after-school activities. Statistically, he is the most likely to choose:

answer

athletics.

question

Dr. Eckert wants to learn whether students with high self-esteem are more likely to participate in extracurricular activities, or if participation in extracurricular activities enhances adolescents' psychological well-being. She is most likely to understand a cause-and-effect relationship between psychological well-being and extracurricular activities by using which type of study?

answer

longitudinal

question

The three dominant theories concerning the media's impact on adolescent development today include all but which of the following?

answer

the routine activity theory

question

Which of the following students is more likely to engage in more cross-racial friendships?

answer

Danielle, who participates in extracurricular activities after school

question

Travis, a Black adolescent, participates in extracurricular activities in an integrated school. According to the textbook, which of the following outcomes is most likely?

answer

Travis will show better mental health as a result

question

Many studies find that rates of smoking, drinking, and drug use are _____among teenage workers than nonworkers, especially among students who _____.

answer

higher; choose to work long hours

question

In recent years, studies of adolescents' consumer behavior have noted the strong influence teens have over one another when it comes to spending money. Advertisers have taken advantage of Internet sites such as YouTube, MySpace, and Facebook to utilize what kind of marketing?

answer

viral marketing

question

The textbook suggests all of the following for parents who leave their children in self-care, except:

answer

have friends come over for study sessions.

question

According to the textbook, compared to young people who are supervised after school by adults, Stephanie, a self-care adolescent, will likely experience all of the following except:

answer

use less drugs and alcohol

question

According to the textbook, one limitation of studies of youth in self-care is that:

answer

researchers typically lump together all children who take care of themselves after school

question

Affluent, suburban, and White children are _____likely to be home unsupervised, and poor, minority, and urban and rural children are _____ likely.

answer

most; least

question

According to a study by Caldwell and Darling presented in the textbook, research indicates spending time after school with friends is most problematic under which circumstance:

answer

1.when they lack supervision 2.when the adolescent has friends who like to party and use drugs 3.when the adolescent is easily susceptible to peer pressure

question

Adolescents are least likely to seek out ________ Web sites on the Internet.

answer

pornography

question

Which of the following is not a common message that the media conveys about sex?

answer

unprotected sex can have serious consequences

question

One tremendous problem in interpreting studies of media use and adolescent development is that:

answer

it is extremely difficult to disentangle cause and effect

question

Research evaluating media messages about sex and drugs finds that:

answer

repeated exposure to these messages is likely to have an effect on adolescent attitudes and beliefs.

question

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the fact that adolescents choose the media to which they are exposed?

answer

uses and gratifications approach

question

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the reciprocal link between adolescents' preferences and their media exposure and that adolescents not only choose what they are exposed to but interpret the media in ways that shape their impact?

answer

media practice model

question

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the idea that media shape adolescents' interests, motives, and beliefs about the world?

answer

cultivation theory

question

According to the textbook, the harmful effects of low parental monitoring are especially bad in neighborhoods that:

answer

are low in collective efficacy

question

Which of the following youth programs around today bear a striking resemblance to the stated goals of positive youth development programs:

answer

1.YMCA 2. the Boys and Girls Clubs of America 3.scouting

question

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five C's of positive youth development, what does competence mean:

answer

a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas

question

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five C's of positive youth development, what does confidence mean:

answer

an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy

question

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five C's of positive youth development, what does connection mean:

answer

positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges

question

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five C's of positive youth development, what does character mean:

answer

respect for societal and cultural rules

question

Based on the Five C's of positive youth development, which "C" stands for a sense of sympathy and empathy for others:

answer

caring

question

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five C's of positive youth development, what does connection mean:

answer

positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges

question

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five C's of positive youth development, what does character mean:

answer

respect for societal and cultural rules

question

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five C's of positive youth development, what does connection mean:

answer

positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges

question

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five C's of positive youth development, what does character mean:

answer

respect for societal and cultural rules

question

Based on the Five C's of positive youth development, which "C" stands for a sense of sympathy and empathy for others:

answer

caring

question

Girls are most likely to spend their money on:

answer

clothes.

question

The power of the adolescent as a consumer has increased as a result of:

answer

1.the extent to which participants are placed in demanding roles 2. the extent to which participants are expected to take responsibility for their behavior 3.the extent to which participants are helped to understand the consequences of failing to fulfill their obligations

question

All of the following are defining characteristics of agency, except:

answer

blaming other people for one's problems.

question

Researchers are particularly interested in the identity changes that occur in adolescence for all of the following reasons, except:

answer

adolescents are now capable of thinking in concrete terms about who they are and where they are going.

question

Adolescents increase their ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of their decisions, which is one aspect of:

answer

future orientation

question

Identity formation is best seen as a:

answer

series of interrelated developments.

question

Researchers have identified all of the following factors as critical components of the development of identity during adolescence, except:

answer

self-regulation.

question

Maria sees herself as an only child, as a person who likes art and music, who is shy, and who likes to read. Maria's description fits best with the idea of:

answer

self-conception.

question

Gwen has recently been preoccupied with trying to understand what kind of person she is. As an exercise, she writes out a list of 20 traits that she thinks best describe her. According to the text, Gwen is focusing on her:

answer

self-conception.

question

As adolescents develop, their self-conceptions become more:

answer

differentiated.

question

Which of the following statements about self-conception is most likely to be made by a child rather than by an adolescent?

answer

"I am a girl; I have two brothers; I like to read."

question

When asked to describe himself, Aaron stated, "Most of my friends think I don't care about school, but I really study a lot at night because school is important to me." This is an example of how adolescent self-conceptions become more:

answer

intensified.

question

Which of the following is one of the characteristics that distinguish between the adolescent's and the child's self-concept?

answer

1.Adolescents tend to view the self as involving more dimensions than do children. 2.Adolescents distinguish among actual, ideal, and feared selves. 3.The adolescent's self varies over time and across situations.

question

Generally speaking, the parenting style that is associated with the healthiest identity development is:

answer

warm but not excessively constraining.

question

Adolescents who have more complex self-conceptions are less likely:

answer

to be depressed.

question

An important aspect of having a healthy self-concept and more socially appropriate behavior is to be able to balance one's ______ self with one's ______ self.

answer

ideal; feared

question

Amy, a 16-year-old girl, is shy around boys though she would really like to be more outgoing. This reflects:

answer

the discrepancy between her ideal and actual selves.

question

Adolescents are most likely to exhibit false-self behavior with their:

answer

dates.

question

Adolescents are most likely to behave __________ in romantic situations and with a classmate, and they are least likely to engage in ___________ with parents.

answer

inauthentically; false-self behavior

question

Which of the following adolescents is least likely to engage in false-self behavior?

answer

Emily, who has high support from her parents

question

Someone who engages in false-self behavior most likely:

answer

1.reports less emotional support from parents and peers. 2.has low self-esteem. 3.is depressed.

question

Kikko hates country music but told Keith, who is a big Garth Brooks fan and her latest love interest, that she adored country music and would love to go with him to see Garth in concert. This type of behavior is called:

answer

the false-self.

question

Which of the following is not one of the personality dimensions of the Five-Factor Model?

answer

Gender Intensification

question

What does the Five-Factor Model describe?

answer

personality dimensions

question

Which dimension of the Five-Factor Model measures how organized someone is?

answer

Conscientiousness

question

Studies of ethnic identity development have shown that, relative to ethnic minorities, Whites are more likely to:

answer

identify themselves as "American" rather than a specific heritage label.

question

Racial socialization, the process by which parents teach children about their ethnic identity and the experiences they may encounter within society as a result of this identity, is thought to focus on three major themes. Which of the following is not one of these themes?

answer

intolerance of the majority culture

question

How much do people's personalities differ before and after adolescence?

answer

They remain about the same.

question

Mei was an impulsive preschooler. It is likely that, as an adolescent, she will be:

answer

impulsive.

question

Temperament and personality tend to become _________ as we __________.

answer

stable; get older

question

How positively or negatively people feel about themselves defines:

answer

self-esteem

question

Larry is an adolescent who frequently engages in false-self behavior and also has low self-esteem. One explanation for these two characteristics is that:

answer

1.Larry might be low in self-esteem because he knowingly puts on a false front 2. Larry might engage in false-self behavior because he is low in self-esteem

question

According to personality research presented in the textbook, there is evidence that, between adolescence and young adulthood, individuals become:

answer

more emotionally stable and more extraverted

question

During childhood, Cathy had high self-esteem. As she enters adolescence, Cathy's self-esteem is most likely to:

answer

remain the same or increase.

question

Based on the research findings of Simmons and her colleagues, compared to older adolescents (15 years and older) and preadolescents (8-11 year olds), which of the following statements about young adolescents' self-esteem, self-consciousness, and self-image is false?

answer

Early adolescents' self-esteem remains stable.

question

Simmons and her colleagues found that the most marked fluctuations in self-image occur:

answer

during the transition into adolescence.

question

Rose is transitioning from elementary into junior high school and Sally is transitioning into high school. According to research presented in the textbook, who is more likely to experience disruptions in self-esteem?

answer

Rose

question

According to the textbook, young adolescents with __________ also report high levels of anxiety, tension, psychosomatic symptoms and irritability.

answer

a volatile self-image

question

Which of the following is not a reason that early adolescents might experience fluctuations in self-image?

answer

because early adolescents spend most of their time engaging in false-self behavior

question

According to the textbook, which of the following might make individuals especially vulnerable to the effects of stress?

answer

volatile self-image

question

According to the chapter in the textbook, most researchers today believe that adolescents evaluate themselves:

answer

1.globally 2. along several distinct dimensions

question

Jenny has high academic self esteem while Cory has high physical self-esteem. According to the textbook, who will probably have higher overall self-esteem?

answer

Cory

question

Tabatha's parents are worried that as she enters adolescence, her self-esteem will greatly decrease. During what time should Tabatha's parents expect the most fluctuations in her self-image?

answer

When she is 12-14 years old.

question

Which of the following statements regarding sex differences in self-esteem is accurate?

answer

early adolescent girls are more likely to say negative things about themselves than same-aged boys

question

According to the textbook, because _____girls do not feel as _____ about their appearances as girls of other racial backgrounds, these individuals typically have _____ overall self-esteem.

answer

Black; negatively; higher

question

Although research presented in the textbook indicates that physical self-esteem is the best predictor of adolescents' self-esteem:

answer

1. adolescents, when asked, say that their physical appearance is one of the least important contributors to how they feel about themselves 2. adolescents may be unaware of the degree to which their self-worth is based on their feelings about their appearance 3.physical self-esteem is a more important influence on overall self-esteem among girls than among boys and girls' physical self-esteem is on average lower than boys'

question

Which of the following factors is the most important predictor of overall self-esteem?

answer

physical self-esteem

question

Which adolescent is most vulnerable to disturbances in self-image?

answer

Carol, a 13-year-old female

question

Overall, which group of adolescents feels least positive about themselves?

answer

White females

question

Susan, a White adolescent, is more likely to be vulnerable to disturbances in ________ than any other group of youngsters.

answer

self-image

question

According to the textbook, research indicates which of the following is not a correlate of high self-esteem:

answer

involvement in many extracurricular activities

question

Which of the following is not one of the explanations researchers have presented to answer the question, "Given the prevalence of prejudice in American society and the generally disadvantaged position of Blacks, why do Black adolescents have high self-esteem?"

answer

Blacks have learned not to recognize the extent to which American society discriminates against them.

question

Tony, a Black adolescent, and Vicki, a White adolescent, both attend a predominantly Black school. Studies predict that:

answer

Tony will have higher self-esteem than Vicki.

question

Research has shown that racial socialization that results in having positive attitudes about one's ethnic group is associated with:

answer

positive attitudes about other ethnic groups.

question

Adolescents whose parents are not both from the same ethnic or racial group are known as ________ adolescents.

answer

biracial

question

Among biracial adolescents asked to describe their own ethnic identity, those with one Black parent and one nonBlack parent are more likely to:

answer

identify themselves as Black.

question

Which of the following is not generally a predictor of self-esteem?

answer

religious affiliation

question

Which of the following adolescents' self-esteem is most likely affected by their academic success?

answer

Bill, an Asian-American adolescent

question

Which of the following statements about self-esteem in children is true?

answer

High achievement boosts self-esteem.

question

Involvement in delinquent activity may lead to ________ in self-esteem.

answer

an increase

question

Erik Erikson believed that ________ is the primary psychosocial crisis of adolescence.

answer

establishing a coherent sense of identity

question

According to Erikson, the major crisis of adolescence is called:

answer

identity versus identity diffusion.

question

Kurt is 15 and spends most of his energy wondering who he is and what kind of person he will become. Erikson would describe him as facing the crisis called:

answer

identity versus identity diffusion.

question

The key to resolving the crisis of identity versus identity diffusion, according to Erikson, is:

answer

interactions with others.

question

Which adolescent would be expected to have the greatest difficulty establishing a sense of identity?

answer

Jerome, who has many alternatives available to him in many different arenas

question

According to Erikson, a necessary "time out" for adolescents is called:

answer

psychosocial moratorium.

question

Bruce, a 2nd-year college student, has switched majors three times. He is still undecided about what he wants to do with his life. Bruce is in:

answer

a state of psychosocial moratorium.

question

Dr. Smith argues that adolescence is such a demanding time that adolescents need several years with as few responsibilities as possible so they can sort out their identities. His argument focuses on the idea of:

answer

psychosocial moratorium.

question

Since Jerry became an adolescent, he has experimented with different roles and personalities. Jerry's parents are telling all their friends that this is just a "phase" that he's going through. According to Erikson, this "phase" is called:

answer

psychosocial moratorium.

question

Problems in identity development can result when:

answer

earlier crises have not been resolved.

question

Identity that is incoherent, disjointed, and characterized by an incomplete sense of self is called:

answer

identity diffusion.

question

Alex suffers from identity diffusion. In addition to problems with identity development, problems with identity diffusion are likely to be reflected in the area(s) of:

answer

1.autonomy 2. intimacy 3. sexuality

question

James has flunked out of high school, has severed all of his ties with family and friends, and has no sense of where he is headed. He also seems to have significant disruptions in his sense of time (some things seem to happen much faster than they really do). According to Erikson, James is experiencing:

answer

identity diffusion.

question

Sixteen-year-old Mercedes believes that the death penalty is wrong because her parents, friends, and church say so. She has never really thought about the issue, but has accepted this view as her own. What is her identity status?

answer

foreclosure

question

Identities that are undesirable to parents and community members are referred to by Erikson as:

answer

negative identities.

question

Jane, the adolescent daughter of the local police chief, has recently been hanging out with a rowdy group of youth who have vandalized a number of public buildings. Jane has most likely adopted a:

answer

negative identity.

question

Whose research supports Erikson's theory on identity development?

answer

Marcia

question

According to Marcia's research, which identity status is associated with healthy development?

answer

achievement

question

Generalizing from Marcia's research on identity, who is most likely to become an authoritarian parent?

answer

Tara, identity foreclosed

question

Specific to the ways of resolving an identity crisis, in which category would you classify Robin, an adolescent who approaches identity related decisions with an open mind and actively seeks information:

answer

informational orientation

question

Identity typically is crystallized:

answer

in late adolescence to the early 20s.

question

According to the textbook, some adolescents might forge some sense of self-definition in an environment that has made it difficult to establish an acceptable identity by:

answer

selecting a negative identity

question

Identity status:

answer

shifts across the life span.

question

Ethnic identity may be sped up if parents teach their children:

answer

about racism.

question

Robert Sellers and colleagues have presented a model to help make sense of the complicated relations among perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and mental health among Blacks. This model is called:

answer

the multidimensional model of racial identity (MMRI).

question

Being aware of potential racism and mistrusting others are not the same thing. Awareness of racism is associated with _________, while mistrust is associated with _________.

answer

better achievement; doing poorly in school

question

Among ethnic minority youth, academic achievement is highest when adolescents experience all of the following except:

answer

are not aware of racism

question

A recent study of ethnic identity and academic achievement illustrated how racial centrality, private regard, and public regard work together to influence Black adolescents' school performance and motivation. The researchers identified four distinct clusters within their sample of 600 students. Which cluster of students was most likely to drop out and which cluster of students was most likely to hold positive beliefs about the school?

answer

alienated students were the most likely to drop out; idealized students were most likely to hold positive beliefs about the school.

question

Compared to minority adolescents with families that have been in the U.S. for a long time, foreign-born ethnic minority adolescents tend to perform:

answer

worse in school, and are more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems.

question

According to the textbook, feeling discriminated against is predictive of all of the following except:

answer

1.conduct problems 2.depression 3. lower achievement in school

question

According to the textbook, one of the pathways by which adolescents who feel discriminated against experience negative mental health outcomes is:

answer

adolescents who feel discriminated against in school report feeling less control over their academic achievement, which leads to feelings of depression

question

According to the textbook, having race as a central part of one's identity has the following impact(s) on adolescent development:

answer

1.it makes adolescents more sensitive to discrimination 2. it allows adolescents to be more able to cope with discrimination

question

According to Sellers's Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI), three different aspects of racial identity are important to consider in understanding discrimination and its effects. These three components are:

answer

private regard, public regard, and racial centrality.

question

According to the textbook, Black individuals who believe that the public has low regard for African Americans typically:

answer

are more sensitive to racial cues

question

Compared to parents who emphasize having pride in one's ethnic group, parents who emphasize the need to be wary about potential racism tend to have children:

answer

who fare worse in the face of discrimination

question

Positive mental health is associated with:

answer

having strong positive feelings about one's own ethnic heritage and about mainstream culture.

question

Which of the following statements concerning ethnic identity is false?

answer

Foreign-born ethnic minority adolescents express more negative feelings about mainstream American ideals than their more acculturated peers.

question

Possessing both highly masculine and highly feminine traits is called:

answer

androgyny.

question

The idea that pressure to behave in sex-appropriate ways increases during adolescence, especially for girls, is called the _______ hypothesis.

answer

gender intensification

question

Based on information from the textbook, among both males and females, many traits traditionally labeled as _____ are associated in adolescence with __________.

answer

masculine; better adjustment and greater peer acceptance

question

In general and according to the textbook, which girl is most likely to become less confident as she becomes an adolescent?

answer

Ginny, who has developed a strong feminine gender role identity

question

Being androgynous may have _____ effects for girls and _____ effects for boys.

answer

positive; negative

question

Which adolescent male would be expected to have the highest self-esteem?

answer

Paul, who is extremely masculine

question

Which of the following statements is not true regarding the gender intensification hypothesis in adolescence?

answer

during adolescence, boys can be highly pressured to behave in masculine ways without necessarily being punished or labeled deviant for exhibiting some feminine traits at the same time.

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