History Final Analysis – Flashcards
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First Humans arrived in americas
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at least 15,000 years ago
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How does the text describe the Olmec Culture
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The first civilization in Mesoamerica o Developed a system of hieroglyphics o Did not develop the wheel or have horses o La Venta pyramid was the largest structure of its type
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Where did the Zapotec live
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Lived in cut out mountainside of the central mexican highlands
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Where did the civilization of the Maya develop
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Guatemala and the Yucatan Pennisula
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What commodities allowed the Maya to develop trade relations
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Caco and Obsidian
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Structure of the Aztec Empire
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Privileged upper class ad downtrodden majority
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Aztec Social Sturcture
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Privileged upper class and downtrodden majority
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Purpose of Aztec human sacrifice
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many victims for the gods
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what was the stone of the sun
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massive stone carving in the form of a disc portraying the struggle between the forces of good and evil in the universe
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Who led the conquest of the Incan Empire
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Pizarro
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What improvement in transportation and communication is the Sui dynasty known for?
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To facilitate communication and trade between northern and southern China, the Sui built the Grand Canal
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What is the cause for the ultimate demise of the Song dynasty?
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The Song dynasty had many military challenges they were unable to regain there previous owned land and the Jin empire took over
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Who was Wu Zhao?
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Wu Zhao was the only woman in the history of China to assume the title of Empress Regnant. Was a concubine before.
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Describe the system of local government under Song rule in China.
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Under Song rule in China, the system of local government permitted villages to administer themselves, gave specific and vital responsibilities to the village "council of elders", enabled the most prominent families in the village to dominate the concil of elders, and essentially remained as it had been under the Tang
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One of the main reasons for the demise of the Tan g Dynasty was its inability to effectively solve the problem of land distribution. What is an explanation for this policy failure?
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The spread of land holding of buddsist monistersy put preasure on the system The increasing concentration of land in the hands of the rich and politically influential, coupled with rising food production, led to increasing pressure on the land distribution system.
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What nomadic people aligned with the Tang to dominate much of the carrying trade along the Silk Road?
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were the Uighurs
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Who was the founder of the Mongol Empire?
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Genghis Khan.
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Where was Khubilai Khan's capital located?
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shifted for Karakorum in mongolia to Tai-tu near modern peking
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) Why were the Mongols able to maintain control in China for an extended period?
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maintained commercial policies that were conducive to Chinese prosperity
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What factors contributed to the end of Mongol rule in China?
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inferior abilities among the successors to Khubilai Khan. excessive military expenditures. internal strife, aggravated by growing famine. Corruption
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What Buddhist sect stressed the role of devotion?
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the Pure Land Sect.
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What is the main purpose for the development of Neo-Confucianism?
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Neo-Confucianism under Zhu Xi, divided the world into a material world and a transcendent world Tried to insure that new ideas of the universe fit with orginal confusian value system. A reaction to Daoism and Confusism
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Which Confucian scholar was the primary proponent of the idea that the correct way to transcend the material world was from an understanding of self?
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Wang Yang Ming
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) During the Han Dynasty, what invention stimulated literature?
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Paper
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According to the text what was the most effective expression of literature from the Tang to the Ming dynasty?
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Poetry
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Who was Li Bo?
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Chinese poet who rivaled Du Fu for the title of China's greatest poet.
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What are the four main Japanese islands?
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Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu
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Why are the Japanese islands subject to violent earthquakes?
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Because of they are near the Asian and Pacific tectonic plates
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What is the origin of the people of Japan?
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Result of a mixture from people from various parts of Asia
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Who were the earliest known inhabitants of Japan?
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Jomon
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Describe the structure of the society established by the Yayoi.
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A hierarchical social class structure emerged under the Yayoi Tribal society divided people into several clan groupings, called uji, a minority of aristocrats, majority of lesser people, based on argriculture
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How did Shotoku Taishi react to the Tang infiltration into the Korean Peninsula
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Shotoku Taishi made contacts with Tang rulers in order to adopt Chinese governing methods
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) What did the "seventeen-article constitution" involve?
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The seventeen article constitution involved a centeralized government under a supreme ruler ans a merit system Strengthen and centralize Japanese government with a Chinese style merit system
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Who were the Samurais and what was their purpose?
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The Samurai were a new class of Japanese military officals and retainers whose purpose was to protect their patrons and property
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) Describe Bushido.
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It was known as the way of the warrior, it was a strict code of the Japanese retainers or samurai
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Who established the "shogunate system" and what was the essence of how that system functioned?
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Miomoto Yoritomo The shogunate system functioned like a governmental power and became central ...getting into feudalism...emperor was a mystic leader, shoguns had real power
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What was the impact of the Onin War?
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The waring states period. Shogunate reduced to nothing, chaos and mob rule, the country turned from a central government for a period of time.
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Unlike the situation in China, why did the struggle between central authority and local aristocracies endure into early modern times in Japan?
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China established a merit-based civil service examination system, while the Japanese maintained it as an elitist system, thus enhancing the power of the aristocracy
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Who were the genin?
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Lowest peasent catergory made up of mostly servants with no land rights
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Who were the eta?
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The feudal outcaste, livestyles equvalent to slavery
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What is satori?
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The inner intuitive experience of Enlightenment in Zen Buddhism
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What, if any, link exists between Confucian institutions and countries such as Korea and Vietnam?
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They adopted the confusian institutions to facilltate centralized government When Confusicous ideas were spreading some of the places that they spread to were China, Korea and Vietnam
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Who were the Kushan peoples?
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Indo European people that were driven out by the Xiongu
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Describe the Kushan kingdom with regard to trade, religion, and its demise.
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Did trade with China and Rome, in terms of religion they used the appeal of Buddhism helped the Kushan Kingdom grow, The Kyshan kingdom met its demise during the Third Century
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According to the text, what was a reason why Buddhism declined in India?
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Buddhism declined because it appealed to the poor because it was individualistic and sacred to the upper class and rejection of the caste system
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In the division within Buddhism, those who followed the school of Theravada believed in what?
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People that followed thervada believed in uncomprisming attachment to the marahayana.
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According to the text, who is responsible for the spread of Islam through parts of India?
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Muhamad of Ganzi
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) Who was Nanak?
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Guru Nanak was the founder of Sikhism and the first of the Sikh Gurus.
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What was the Buddhist perspective on the caste system?
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Buddha rejected the caste system, says that actions depend on this life, not the past life.
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) What was the Indian Muslim perspective on the caste system?
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indian Muslims use a version on the cste sysytem because the caste system is an Indian social practice
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According to the text, what might have contributed to the decline in medieval Indian manufacturing and commercial activity within India?
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The restraining effects of the caste system and heavy taxation by commerce leaders
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What were major exports in medieval India?
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Textiles and silk
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What factor served as the most significant and potent inhibitor of commercial development in medieval India?
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Heavy taxation and the restrant of the caste system
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) Who are the peoples recognized as being among the first migrants into Southeast Asia during the first millennium C.E. and where did they come from?
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Burmese and the Thai (maylaylo, migrants nomnadic, brng culture with them)
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What practices were assimilated into political institutions, of the new states of Southeast Asia?
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Indian and Chinese practices
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Describe the religious underpinnings of the Indianized Southeast Asian states.
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Religion was used to gain political leverage and also religion sereved to fortify the upper classes
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Why did Theravada Buddhism have such a strong appeal for the Burmese and others in the northern part of Southeast Asia?
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It appealed because there was no need for priest or any other "go between"
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What ancient civilization was located in the highlands of what is known today as Ethiopia?
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The Axum civilization
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The vast grasslands that border the great desert region of the Sahara are known as what?
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The Savannah
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What can be said regarding the past of the Sahara Desert?
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The Sahara was once green and flourishing with life.
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Who were the nomadic mountain-dwellers of North Africa, who served as trade intermediaries for the great trans-Saharan commerce?
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The Burbars
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The great iron-working culture of northern Nigeria was known as __________________.
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Nok Culture
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Describe the trans-Sahara caravan trade.
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Berbers carried good from all over to trade on various sides of the sahara, canals, was desert travel, islam, cultural exchange
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) What crops may have been introduced to Africa by Malayan traders and settlers?
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Yams and bananas
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Where was Malay settlement established?
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Madagascar
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What can be seen as the beginning of Islam in Africa?
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began with the Arab defeat of the Byzantines in Egypt
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Describe the structure and influences of Swahili.
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50/50 split between Bantu and Arabic; used for trade between Africans and other countries...trans saharan trade
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) What was the original reason for the rise of the kingdom of Ghana?
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First great commercial state also, gold trade
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What were exports of the Kingdom of Ghana?
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exported gold, leather goods, slaves, and ostrich feathers
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What is attributed to Zimbabwe's wealth?
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"Sacred House"; most well known and powerful civilization due to the capital; significant role in Gold Trade (controlled the trade routes)
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What is a possible explanation for the demise of Zimbabwe?
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decline caused to unsustainable agricultural overgrazing
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In traditional African culture, what is one method that was used to regain and spread communal history and religious beliefs?
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use of bards in African culture. professional storytellers/folk singer; uses music to tell stories and tell history for cultures that did not have writing
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What was the ruling member of a Bedouin tribe called?
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Sheikh
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What was the Ka'aba?
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The religious shrine that was the focus of an annual trace in pre-Islamic Mecca
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) Where was the Koran or Qur'an derived from?
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Collection of 114 suras and derived from muhammeds revalations
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According to the text, what is the origin of Jihad?
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The jihad was a practice which grew out of the Bedouin practice of conducting tribal raids. According to the Qur'an fair, defensive warfare is a jihad, which means striving in the way of our lord
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What was the impact of the Umayyad Dynasty on the Islamic Arab empire?
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Empire expanded enormously
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What was the impact of the Abbasid Dynasty on the Islamic Arab empire?
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Internal decay over time caused Islamic tensions
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What link exists between the Crusades and the Seljuk Turks?
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the crusades were due, in part, to power shifts stemming from the weakening of the Byzantine Empire after the rise of the Seljuk Turks...the Seljuk turks provoked the bynzantine request for European aid that led to the crusades
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Why were the Mongols unable to capture Cairo?
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The mamluks effective resistance
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Describe some of the scientific achievements stemming from Islamic civilization.
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Astronomical studies, knowledge of nature and contagion and contamination, developemt of medicine, optics and chemistry
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What is the Dome of the Rock and where is it located?
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muslim shrine in Jerusalem
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What was Justinian's Code of Law and what was its impact on later Europe?
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collection of (roman) laws and legal interpretations...Became the basis for the legal system in europe
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Why did the Eastern Roman Empire loose territory in the century after Justinian's death?
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Lost territory because the armies of islam seized the provinces of Palestine and syria
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What did the Christian schism in 1054 result from?
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The final seperation resulted from the popes claim that he was the head of all branches of Christianity including the orthodox church
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What issue almost destroyed the Byzantine Empire in the eighth century?
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The use of religious konoclastic controversy in worship
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Where did the Zapotec live?
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Lived in terraces cut out of mountainsides in the central Mexican highlands
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According to the text, what led to the demise of Teotihuacan?
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Teotihuacan was the Americas first metropolis, met demise for unexplained reasons
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Where did the civilization of the Maya develop?
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Civilization developed in Guatemala and the Yucatan Peninsula
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What two commodities enabled the Maya to develop trade relations with other civilization in its region?
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Obsidan and Caco
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How does the text describe the structure of the Aztec Empire?
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hierarchical dictatorship: Privileged upper class and Downtrodden majority
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Who was Ometeotl?
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The guiding deity of the entire population, the supreme Aztec god
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How does the text describe the social structure of Aztec society?
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It was a confederation of localities (calipuli) linked by a feudal allegiance system in which a central ruler controlled an empire developed through military conquest.
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What were the large kinship groups that most of the Aztec population belonged to called and what were characteristics of the large kinship groups of the Aztecs
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calpulli (neighborhood, town, small village)....women did not have to work in the fields 5 days each week, led by powerful male chiefs, rural less powerful than urban, responsible for own maintenance
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What was the purpose of the human sacrifices practiced by the Aztecs?
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Employed human ritual sacrifices to appease Huitzilopochtli and delay the ultimate destruction of the world, often involving large numbers of victims
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What is the Stone of the Sun?
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massive stone carving in the form of a disc portraying the struggle between the forces of good and evil in the universe
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What was the impact of Hernan Cortes on the Aztec civilization?
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he destroyed it
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Who was Pachakuti?
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King who began the conquests that led to the creation of the Inca Empire...conquered most of the highland and coastal peru
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Who led the conquest of the Incan empire?
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Francisco pizarro
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Why did the Inca fall to the Spanish?
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Ththey dint have the same weapons and smallpox
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Which nomads came to dominate much of the southwestern plains of North America after 1500 CE?
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Apache and Navajo
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Where did Arawak society develop?
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Developed their society in modern-day Venezuela
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Who established the League of Iroquois?
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Amerindians of North America who inhabited the present states of Pennsylvania and New York as well as parts of southern Canada
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According to the text, what was the reason for the decline of Mayan civilization?
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self inflicted...deforestation brought drought, trade routes shifted, increased conflict
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How does the text describe Mayan religion?
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worship of nature gods, polytheistic, a priestly class, the importance of astronomy and astrology, rituals of human sacrifice, and the building of elaborate pyramidical temples.
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What was the impact of Hernan Cortes on the Aztec civilization?
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Conquered the Aztecs, Claimed mexico for spain, smallpox, built mexico city on the ruins of tenochtitlan
