question

status of peers

answer

popular controversial neglected rejected

question

advances in perspective taking supports

answer

self- concept self- esteem understanding of others increasing social skills both adults and peers explanations of their viewpoints contribute to children's perspective taking

question

self esteem

answer

drops during the first few years in school, then rises and becomes stable hierarchically structured 4 competencies: academic, social, physical/athletic, physical appearance combine to create a general self-esteem perceiver physical appearance seems to weigh the most

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self concept

answer

more refined social comparisons- judgments in relation to those of others (appearance, abilities, behaviors) Emphasize competencies, both positive and negative usually includes personality traits often has inconsistencies

question

learning disability

answer

about 5-10% of children great difficulty with one or more aspect of learning (typically reading) achievement is behind what their IQ would suggest have normal (or even above average) IQ of 100

question

best approach to educational philosophies

answer

older children may have slight edge in achievement test scores in traditional setting but constructivist settings are associated with gains in critical thinking, greater social and moral maturity, more positive attitudes toward school

question

constructivist

answer

richly equipped learning centers, small groups and individuals solving self-chosen problems and a teacher who guides and supports in response to children's needs (children construct their own knowledge)

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traditional

answer

teacher is the sole authority for knowledge, rules, and decision making. Teacher does most of the talking, students respond when called upon

question

educational philosophies

answer

traditional constructivist

question

whole-language

answer

children should be exposed to the text in its complete form (books, poems, letters, posters, lists) so they can appreciate the communicative function of written language

question

phonics

answer

basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds the phonics approach stresses the relationship of letters and sounds, thus enabling children to decode words

question

two approaches to reading

answer

phonics whole- language

question

promoting cognitive self-regulation

answer

point out special demands of tasks encourages use of memory strategies emphasizes value of self-correction

question

cognitive self- regulation

answer

The process of continuously monitoring progress towards a goal, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts Throughout elementary and secondary school predicts academic success

question

false beliefs

answer

understanding false beliefs including the second- order false belief which greatly assists children in understanding others' perspectives

question

elaboration

answer

end of middle childhood meaningful chunks of information creating a relationship between 2 or more pieces of information that are not members of the same category later- emerging memory strategy

question

organization

answer

soon after rehearsal grouping related items together (grouping states together that are in the same region) knowledge base helps organization

question

memory strategies

answer

rehearsal organization elaboration

question

inhibition/attention

answer

attention becomes more: selective, adaptable, and playful children also make great gains in inhibition (inhibit distractions)

question

Continuum of acquisition

answer

must master concrete operational tasks step by step, not all at once master concrete operational tasks gradually EX: usually grasps number first, then length, liquid, mass and then weight

question

reversibility

answer

capacity to think through the steps of a problem and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point part of every logical operation

question

individual differences in gross and fine motor skills

answer

body build gender family encouragement and expectations SES School and community

question

writing skills

answer

by age 6 children can print first and last name legibly legibility of writing gradually increases as children produce letters with uniform height and spacing around age 8-9 the third dimension is clearly evident in drawings

question

prevention of injury

answer

teach safety model safe behavior require helmets watch high-risk children more closely

question

contributions of injury

answer

most common types: motor vehicle, bicycle, pedestrian because parents often overestimate child's safety knowledge

question

Causes of obesity contributing factors

answer

availability of cheap fat and sugar portion supersizing increasingly busy lives declining physical activity rates

question

causes and risk factors of obesity

answer

overweight parents low SES Parents' feeding practices low physical activity television cultural food environment sleep stress

question

Secular trend

answer

the tendency that from one generation to the next, in industrialized countries, children are becoming larger and heavier. Although height has leveled off, weight continues to increase why? increased health and nutrition

question

gender differences

answer

girls shorter and lighter until about age 9 --> body growth shift after age 8 girls gain fat at a faster rate than boys dramatic adolescent growth spurt occurs 2 years earlier in girls than boys growth norms must be applied cautiously

question

the bones of the body

answer

lower portion of body growing fastest bones lengthen muscles very flexible because ligaments are not firmly attached to the bones- which can increase muscle strength all permanent teeth arrive

question

Body growth in middle childhood

answer

slow, regular pattern

question

The effects of divorce and remarriage are worse for:

answer

older children and girls

question

True or False: There are many effects

answer

True

question

The 4 peer categories:

answer

popular rejected neglected controversial

question

The biggest difference between learned helplessness and mastery-oriented attributions is that:

answer

The way they view success and failure the way they attend to effort

question

Children's self-esteems are hierarchically structured into areas of:

answer

academic competence social competence athletic competence physical appearance

question

With regards to international reading, math, and science achievement, the US falls around...

answer

below average

question

Children with learning disabilities have an IQ that is _____

answer

100 (normal)

question

Gifted children have IQ's over ____

answer

130

question

children with mild mental retardation have IQ's around ____

answer

55-70

question

The most optimal educational philosophy for young children is the ____

answer

constructivist

question

IQ test results prior to age _____ are not good measures of intelligence

answer

6

question

Controlling distracting internal and external stimuli is:

answer

inhibition

question

Children in the concrete operational stage of thinking are limited by:

answer

abstract ideas hypothetical concepts

question

True of False: many schools are eliminating school recess, yet its importance and benefits are backed up by research

answer

True

question

There are many contributing factors of obesity

answer

Genetics Cheap fats and sugar portion supersizing feeding practices low SES

question

The secular trend is that:

answer

The trend towards larger and taller children over generations

question

Middle childhood is defined as children being age ___ to ___

answer

6-11

question

Resources that foster Resilience

answer

Personal- easy outgoing temperament, favorable self- esteem, mastery orientation, emotional regulation family- authoritative, warmth, positive discipline school- warm stimulating, encouraging teachers, low tolerance for bullying, opt for extra curricular activities, high quality Community- high quality programs, authoritative in charge adults, stability, safety

question

Prevention and treatment of sexual abuse

answer

prevention: education treatment: long-term therapy

question

Consequences of sexual abuse

answer

Emotional reactions physical symptoms effects on behavior

question

Characteristics of sexual abusers

answer

usually male parent or known by parent (rarely stranger)

question

Characteristics of victims

answer

More often female reported in middle childhood

question

Sexual abuse

answer

Reactions- anxiety, depression, low self- esteem, anger, hostility, aggression repeated abuse is associated with central nervous system damage

question

Fears

answer

Fears of dark, thunder, lightning, supernatural beings persist fear of real- life personal harm school phobia ---> 5-7: separation from home ---> 11-13: particular aspects of school

question

Drawbacks of maternal Employment and child development

answer

less time for children risk of ineffective parenting

question

Benefits of maternal employment

answer

higher self- esteem positive family and peer relations fewer gender stereotypes better grades more father involvement

question

Consequences of remarriage on children

answer

60% of divorced parents remarry within a few years internalizing and externalizing behaviors older children and girls have the hardest time parenting education and couples counseling helps divorce rate is higher with second and third ect. marriages

question

Blended families

answer

Mother-stepfather most frequent boys usually adjust quickly girls adapt less favorably older children display more problems father-stepmother leads to reduced father-child contact children in father's custody react negatively girls and step-mother are slow to get along at first

question

Bottom line on divorce

answer

Girls tend to internalize- crying, withdrawal, sadness boys and girls act out more- attention getting behaviors effective parenting is the overriding factor- continuing that authoritative style the more parental contact and warmth, the better the adjustment

question

Divorce

answer

Consequences of Parental Divorce Immediate: Instability, conflict, drop in income parental stess, disorganization consequences affected by age, temperament, and gender Long term: Improved adjustment and 2 years Boys and children with difficult temperaments more likely to have problems Father's involvement affects adjustment

question

Neglected

answer

well adjusted, low rates of interaction, but not maladjusted nor dissatisfied with status

question

Controversial

answer

blend positive and negative traits, have many friends but may not be in the "in crowd"

question

rejected

answer

Aggressive: high rates of conflicts- usually deficient in perspective taking misinterpret innocent behaviors of peers as hostile, more likely to bully Withdrawn: socially awkward, timid, more likely to be victimized

question

Popular

answer

Prosocial: combine academic and social competence- friendly solve conflicts antisocial- 'tough guy" -athlete relationally aggressive enhance own status by ignoring, excluding, spreading rumors

question

Friendships

answer

Whereas preschoolers have lots of friends (based on proximity) older children have a handful of good friends personal qualities, trust becomes important more selective in choosing friends friendships can last several years influence each other's behavior

question

learned helplessness

answer

attribute failure to ability attribute success to luck or external factors do not persist (give up without really trying) Fixed view of ability, cannot be changed and cannot be improved upon trying Focus on performance goals focus only on outcome success or failure

question

Mastery- oriented

answer

attribute success to ability children interpret failures to changeable factors: insufficient effort or difficulty of task they persist if they keep trying then they can succeed incremental view of ability, can improve by trying focus on learning goals

question

US performance on reading, math, & science

answer

at or below average

question

Talented Children

answer

Outstanding performance in a specific field measured by divergent thinking and creativity

question

Giftedness

answer

exceptional intellectual strength usually measured by high IQ over 130

question

Optimal class size

answer

under 18

question

How many words do middle childhood age children learn per day?

answer

20

question

When does IQ become stable?

answer

around age 6

question

What can IQ predict?

answer

school performance and educational attainment

question

Best approach to reading

answer

a combination of the two approaches along with excellent teaching practices, shows the best results in literacy progress for 1st graders

question

Rehearsal

answer

early grade school repeating information to self

question

limitations

answer

can't think hypothetically or abstractly mental operations work best with objects that are concrete

question

Classification

answer

hierarchies sorting and resorting collection of anything grouping by color, then size, and shape etc.

question

decentration

answer

focusing on several aspects of a problem rather than just one

question

Piaget's concrete operational stage

answer

Thought is more logical, flexible, and organized than early childhood ages 7-11

question

Dominance Hierarchy

answer

result of rough and tumble play stable ordering of group members that predicts who will win when conflicts arise once hierarchy is established, hostility is rare

question

Rough and Tumble play

answer

Friendly chasing and play-fighting distinct from aggressive fighting emerges in preschool years, but peaks in middle childhood more common in boys common in many mammals and across cultures may help establish dominance hierarchy

question

school recess

answer

one of the few remaining contexts devoted to child-organized games children may be more active than at gym boost children's learning capability fosters children's health and competence physically, academically, and socially 7% of schools in US no longer provide recess

question

Children spend more time in what type of play?

answer

adult organized sports spend equal or more time working out the rules of a game as they will spend actually playing

question

gender differences in gross & fine motor skills

answer

girls are better at handwriting and drawing and hopping/skipping boys are better at throwing and kicking only slightly better in other gross motor skills most differences are slight they can run about the same speed and jump the same height

question

myopia

answer

nearsightedness (most common vision problem) affected by heredity, early biological trauma, low birth rate, increases eye strain increases with SES more common in those who spend more time reading, writing, using the computer, and other close up work

question

ways to reduce rates of obesity

answer

more fruits and vegetables less fried food and soft drinks more physical activity

question

average weight/height gain per year

answer

on average add 2-3 inches in height add about 5 pounds in weight

question

Definition of middle childhood

answer

referred to children ages 6-11

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