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applied to the land west of the Missouri River and east of the Rocky Mountains. had no trees, little rainfall and tough prairie sod. seemed like a desert to the many who past through this unexplored area

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"Great American Desert"

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Posed a serious threat to western settlers because, unlike the Eastern Indians from early colonial days, the Plains Indians possessed rifles and horses.

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Plains Indians

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used to gain control of over 2 million acres of land which was in possession of the original Mexican residents (losing power)

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"Territorial Rings"

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Hispanic residents of the state (California & Texas)

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Californios

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Mexican neighborhoods in Los Angelos or elsewhere where the lower end of the state's working class Mexicans clustered

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Barrios

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Indentured servants whose condition was close to slavery. When many Chinese moved to Hawaii, Australia, Latin America, South Africa, and even the Caribbean, some went as these.

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"Coolies"

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Some were violent criminal organizations, involved in the opium trade and prostitution. Few people outside the Chinese communities were aware of their existence, except when rivals engaged in violent conflict.

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"Tongs"

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cattlemen drove nearly 1.5 million head up this trail

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Chisholm Trail

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When a disease would wipe out an entire herd of cattle in one drive.

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"Texas fever"

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These erupted out of the tensions between competing groups such as sheepman and cattle, and ranchers and farmers.

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Range wars

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was more a school of thought than an actual institution. members were influenced by the beauty of the Rocky Mountains and the surrounding landscape. Their works romanticized the West.

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"Rocky Mountain School"

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American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. "Fronteer Thesis"; provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

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Frederick Jackson Turner

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established this in 1836 to be in charge of the relocated Indians. Corruption among agents was common

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Bureau of Indian Affairs

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militia massacred some four hundred Indians in cold blood—Indians who had thought they had been promised immunity and were peaceful and harmless.

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Sand Creek Massacre

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General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by these two during Little Big Horn

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Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull

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Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

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Chief Joseph

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apache tribal chief; one of the most important Native American and Apache leaders of the 19th century due to his fighting achievements against White intruders from the United States.

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Mangas Colorados

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chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909)

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Geronimo Apache

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A ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land.

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"Ghost Dance"

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Army troops captured some of Sitting Bull's followers and took them to a camp. 300 Sioux men, women, and children were killed, Natives now powerless

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Wounded Knee

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Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes

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Dawes Severalty Act

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American government wanted Natives to form to American society

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Assimilation

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One of the first authors to write accurately and sympathetically about Native Americans.

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Hamlin Garland

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her book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans.

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Helen Hunt Jackson

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A successful show that popularized Wild West shows. This show romanticized the West and the life of the cowboy.

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Buffalo Bill

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Irish-born leader of the anti-Chinese movement in California.

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Denis Kearney

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reaction to immigrant Chinese "taking too many" jobs in California

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Chinese Exclusion Act

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Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee

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Homestead Act

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nickname given to farmers on the Great Plains because they used plows to break up the thick grass sod and reach the soil below

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Sodbusters

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valuable silver found here, causing many Californians and "fifty-niners" to migrate and settle Nevada

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Comstock Lode

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towns where gold or others minerals were found, eventually turned into ghost towns when resources dried up

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Boomtowns

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Cattle ranchers needed a way to easily transport their cattle to eastern cities - Cowboys would round up a lot of cattle and "drive" them to areas near railroad stations

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"Long drives"

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policy putting native americans onto reservations

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"concentration"

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A painter and sculptor who captured the romance of the west. His paintings and sculptures portrayed the cowboy as a natural aristocrat

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Frederic Remington

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Native American slaves that did work as house servants, sheepherders, and other things in Spanish, Mexican, and US homes

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Genizaros

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Term used to refer to Latin people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry in the Americas

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Mestizos

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set of exclusive rights granted by state (nat'l gov't) to an inventor or their assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for a public disclosure of an invention

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Patents

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with the atlantic telegraph company he successfully laid the first transatlantic cable in July 1866

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Cyrus W. Field

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invented telephone and in 1877 he started the ___ Telephone company

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Alexander Graham Bell

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Developed by Henry Bessemer converted iron to steel by blowing out iron impurities

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Bessemer process

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Pennsylvania businessman, showed petroleum could be burned in lamps and used as fuel

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George Bissell

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another name for oil

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"Black gold"

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company owned by Rockefeller controlled 90% of oil in the USA

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Standard Oil

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pioneered in Europe, uses power of burning gas to drive pistons

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"Internal combustion engine"

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Assembly line--> mass production. made affordable cars--> five million on road in 1917

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Henry Ford

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subdivided tasks, diminished dependence on one employee uses of machines speeds up productivity

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"Taylorism"

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railroad tycoon, had several large railroad companies under his control, known as the Commodore

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Cornelius Vanderbilt

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created by shareholders who have limited liability function on the selling of stocks; seen as very attractive.

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Corporation

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money invested into a corporation which is used to fund its endeavors and with its success the money invested by stockholders is reciprocated as a profit

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Stock

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stockholders can only lose the amount of money they put into the company

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"Limited liability"

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Scottish immigrant, began work in pittsburgh steel, had coal mines, railroads and controlled 2/3 of nations steel.

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Andrew Carnegie

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bought out carnegie steel, made US steel Corp. was a practicer of the "trust" most powerful financer in America

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J.P. Morgan

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combining of separate companies to form new entity

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Consolidation

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combining firms in same enterprise into one corporation

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"Horizontal integration"

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taking over all businesses which a company relies on for success (clothes company would be cloth, buttons, etc..)

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"Vertical integration"

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owned standard oil company, controlled 90% of US Oil

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John D. Rockefeller

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when one company owns all or nearly all the market for product/service

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Monopoly

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formalized agreements among corporations to stabilize rates and markets, violates laissez faire

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Pool arrangements

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when stockholders in individual corporations transferred stocks to trustees for a share in ____

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Trust

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company that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control operations in electing/influencing board of directors

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Holding Company

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combining of two or more companies to become one

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Corporate mergers

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economic system based on free market, competition and private ownership encourages investment/stock

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Capitalism

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Advocate of social Darwinism, believed in struggle, competition and success

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Herbert Spencer

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creator of capitalism

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Adam Smith

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1901 book by Andrew Carnegie said wealthy should give back to community, by providing them with the tools for success

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Gospel of Wealth

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author of "Rags to Riches" stories

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Horatio Alger

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"hands off" capitalism idea

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Laissez-faire

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skeptics of Laissez-Faire, intellectual appeal

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Socialist Labor Party

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wrote "looking backwards" (Read by Debs in jail) about a man who woke up in 2000 and found that the world had formed one giant trust and a socialist utopia had taken precedence

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Edward Bellamy

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wrote progress and poverty, blamed social issues on monopolists and said progress isn't permanent, proposed SINGLE TAX (on land asset)

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Henry George

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Bellamy's vision of one great trust controlled by gov't which equally distributed wealth

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"Nationalism"

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minimun work age, 12, 10 hour days, hardly enforced

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Child labor laws

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first national union comes after the civil war as we are a joined nation for the first time. men were members (women excluded) showed workers were angered. fell in the panic of 1873

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National Labor Union

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thought of as terrorists, gave unions a bad name

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"Molly Maguires"

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1877 10% wage cut--> riots, resistance, 100 casualties animosity between employers and workers

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Great Railroad Strike

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First leader: Uriah Stephens, "All who toiled" could join, they wanted to change wage system. COMMUNISM/SOCIALIST IDEAS. they wanted to end child labor, 8 hour workday. no strikes, but rallies. Famous leader Terrence Powderly. Fails

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Knights of Labor

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famous leader of Knights of Labor.

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Terence Powderly

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ONLY skilled workers could join. GOALS: wages, hours and conditions. Samuel Gompers=leader. unique because they didn't want to destroy capitalism

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American Federation of Labor

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leader of AFL

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Samuel Gompers

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Knights of Labor, @ McCormick factory, strike rally--> and a bomb goes off killing 7 police men, they dont know who did it, so they arrest 8 anarchists. decline in membership falls drastically, bad name for unions as anarchists

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Haymarket Riot

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thought of by public as causing terrorism and violence

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"Anarchism"

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Carnegie and Frick do not want Unions, so they cut wages to anger the Amalgamated. so they went on strike Carnegie left and Frick hired the Pinkertons, mini war broke out. union disintegrates

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Homestead Strike

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survival of the fittest in society

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Social Darwinism

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1894 strike against a rail car company after wages were depleted by 1/3 but company town rent was not correspondingly lowered. Strike led by Eugene V. Debs, leader of American Railway Union. Cars were overturned from Chicago to the Pacific Coast, halting rail traffic. Federal troops were brought in on the excuse that the workers were interfering with transit of mail.

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Pullman Strike

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Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

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Eugene V. Debs

question

U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions

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Women's Trade Union

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term for most post-1880 newcomers who came to America primarily from southern and eastern Europe

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New immigrants

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established immigrant communities, but by the second or third generation, many families were able to relocate to better housing in the suburbs after World War II; developed in cities

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"Immigrant ghettoes"

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An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration

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American Protective Association

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A general fear or dislike of foreigners; popular among the older generations during the 1880s and 1890s due to the rapid immigration rates.

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Xenophobia

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The act of donating money, time, goods or services to a beneficial cause. Caused by How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis and Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth.

answer

Philanthropy

question

Event held in Chicago to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Columbus' arrival in the "New World", raised American artistic standards and promote city planning; was a revival of classical architectural forms, and a setback for realism

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1893 Colombian Exposition

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cheap housing in the cities, "slum dwellings"

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"Tenement"

question

Author, "How the other half lives"

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Jacob Riis

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A product of the technological advancements in the late 1800s; opened to public use in May 1883.

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Brooklyn Bridge

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Tall buildings constructed with steel girdles to allow cities with limited space to expand upward instead of outward.

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"Skyscraper"

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A general term to describe the expansion of leisure open to all such as libraries, museums, sporting events, and theaters.

answer

Public cultures

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Term used to describe the downplaying of actual news, by creating more "catchy" headlines, to sell more newspapers. Example- William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal

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"Yellow journalism"

question

Describes classy leisurely activities such as art, literature and theater.

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"High culture"

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An exposition of art at the Ashcan School, where the pieces portrayed harsh social realities in 1913.

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"Armory Show"

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Challenged religious beliefs by arguing that we have evolved over time through a process called "natural selection"

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Charles Darwin

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Architect; famous skyscraper designer.

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Louis Sullivan

question

During the early 20th century these destroyed large downtown areas with wood buildings, led to professional fire departments and fireproof buildings, improving cities

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"Great fires"

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Those seen to be of good moral character and in need of relief. the role of charity visitors was to establish who had a real need for help.

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"Deserving poor"

question

International, religious and charitable movement that began in 1865 by William Booth

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Salvation Army

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Term that described the homeless children living by themselves on the streets.

answer

"Street arabs"

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A political party that existed to win election and rewarded its party followers.

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Urban Machine

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Led the Urban Machines, tried to win elections by earning the loyalty of voters through relief and jobs for the unemployed.

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Political boss

question

Rewarding with financial or other appropriate aid; political bosses gained support through this.

answer

Patronage

question

This term, created by George Washington Plunkitt, referred to the police corruption that took place in the Tammany Hall political machine. The practices included paying bribes to make an individual a police officer, to get him a promotion, or to get him to the position of a sergeant as well as using privileged information for personal gain

answer

"Honest graft"

question

The most notorious political boss of Tammany Hall. He held New York City and state political posts where he increased his power. He controlled New York politics, and encouraged judicial corruption.

answer

William M. Tweed

question

Refers to a professional or educated worker

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"White collar"

question

Influences the American consumer market, due to these National networks could sell goods at lower prices.

answer

"Chain stores"

question

Stores which sold generic goods very cheaply

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"Five and ten cent store"

question

Group led by Florence Kelly to force retainers for better wages and working conditions during the movement of mass consumption

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National Consumer's League

question

made shopping seem like a more positive thing to do than before

answer

Department Stores

question

state educational institutions built with the benefit of federally donated lands

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"Land Grant Institutions"

question

created as a way for working-class people to temporarily escape the hardships of the working, became an amusement park with rides and attractions that contrasted the grim realities many were living. shows how grim the lives of working class citizens were that they need such an elaborate amusement built to take their minds off their troubles

answer

Coney Island

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