Psych 303 Quiz #2 – Flashcards
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What elements of an individual's world comprise the exosystem?
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All social settings that affect an individual
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Psychologists disagree about the commonly held belief that parents are the major influence on their children. What is the basis of this disagreement?
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Influence of peers on development
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Sandra loves her daughter very much, but she believes parents should be very strict in communicating their expectations for their child's behavior. Sandra believes that even though her daughter is only five years old, she should be able to act in a mature manner in all settings. Sandra's rules may appear controlling to others, but they allow her to control her child's behavior. Sandra's parenting style is described as:
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Authoritarian
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According to Bronfenbrenner, families and teachers are part of a child's __________________ system.
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Microsystem
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Summarizing recent trends in teen texting behaviors. Does texting typically lead to superficial or deep relationships?
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Superficial
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Erikson interprets development from the perspective of what theory?
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Psychological
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What is the emphasis of Erikson's stage theory?
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Identity development
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According to Erikson, what might happen if a child fails to resolve a crisis at an early stage?
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Difficulty moving on to later stages, individual may have to go back
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How does Erikson define a developmental crisis?
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A specific conflict whose resolution prepares the way for the next stage
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Children experiencing the Eriksonian conflict of trust vs. mistrust are also in what Piagetian stage?
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Sensorimotor
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Sally is in the stage Erikson calls initiative vs. guilt. Her parents supervise her closely and direct all her activities. From a developmental perspective, what might be the potential danger of his approach?
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Sally has a greater potential to develop a sense of guilt and won't develop initiative
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The way that children resolve the autonomy vs. shame and doubt crisis influences their later sense of _____________.
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Confidence
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Francis is no longer satisfied with pretending he has a place of his own. He's in the third grade now and old enough to build a real playhouse. He sets to work with boards and cardboard, and takes great pleasure in the completed project. What stage/crisis might best categorize where Francis is at this point in his development?
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Industry vs inferiority
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The school and the neighborhood first become highly important influences during what Eriksonian stage?
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Industry vs inferiority
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Martin now takes considerable pride in completing his fourth-grade homework assignments and in doing them well. He is quite disappointed when the teacher assigns an "A" to him for a project that he strongly felt deserved an A+ (or better!). According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, Martin is in what stage of development?
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Industry vs inferiority
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Christine can't decide what she wants to pursue when she graduates from high school this year. "Life is so confusing," she thinks to herself. "Perhaps it is best not to think about these decisions at all." Christine is experiencing identity ________________________.
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Diffusion
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12. Seventeen-year-old Carl has considered several career options and has developed a firm career goal. Carl is experiencing identity ________________________.
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Achievement
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13. Ever since Maida was a child, her parents talked about the possibility of her becoming a doctor. They brought her chemistry sets and equipment, such as stethoscopes and tongue depressors. When Maida entered college, she enrolled in the pre-medical program without even considering other options. According to James Marcia, Maida is exhibiting identity ____________________.
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Foreclosure
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What is the difference between self-concept and self-esteem ?
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Self-concept: individuals knowledge and beliefs about themselves Self-esteem: the value we place on our own characteristics, abilities & behaviors
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How does the development of children's self-concept evolve?
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Through constant self-evaluation in different situations
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George attends a rural middle school in Virginia. On standardized achievement tests given in George's school, the school average is near the national average. George's friend Harold attends an elite private school in Washington, D.C. The average score of students at Harold's school on the same achievement measure is well above the national average. According to Marsh, George is more likely to feel better about his abilities than does Harold, even though both boys received high scores on the test. What developmental concept is illustrated?
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"Big-fish-little-pond effect"
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As children develop perspective-taking abilities, there is a gradual movement toward a state of ___________.
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Morality of cooperation
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During what period of time do we expect that most people develop "perspective-taking" abilities?
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Between 14 and adulthood
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Frank said, "If I were starving, I'd steal a loaf of bread, but it would be wrong and against the law." What level of moral reasoning does Frank demonstrate?
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Conventional
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Andrea is driving home from the library at 2:00 in the morning. She stops for a red light and waits, even though no one is in sight. After looking again carefully in all directions, she drives across against the light. According to Kohlberg, what level of moral reasoning is reflected by Andrea's decision to cross the intersection?
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Postconventional
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Vic was struggling with a difficult math exam. Abbey, an A+ student, was not covering her paper, so Vic decided to copy some of her answers in order to avoid having to try solving the rest of the problems himself. What level of moral reasoning did Vic demonstrate?
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Preconventional
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Sue is presented with a moral dilemma and responds that she would act in a certain way to please her parents. What is the moral reasoning stage reflected here?
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Conventional
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What is the important base for moral reasoning in both women and men, according to relevant research?
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Concern for caring and justice
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One of the most hotly debated criticisms of Kohlberg's moral reasoning theory is that this theory is based on a longitudinal study of only ________.
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American men
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Research indicates that whether or not an individual cheats in school depends primarily on ____________.
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The situation
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What does research suggest regarding students who watch others behaving aggressively?
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The more a student observes aggressive behavior, the more likely they are to behave aggressively
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What is the fundamental aspect of relational aggression?
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The intent to harm social connections
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What is Woolfolk's position on the issue of labeling exceptional students?
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Controversial
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What is the major difference between a disability and a handicap?
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Disability: inability to do something specific Handicap: disadvantage in certain situations
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According to the work of Cattell and Horn (1963, 1988), what are two types of intelligences?
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Fluid and crystallized intelligence
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A teacher who knows how to effectively use cooperative learning in his or her classroom is demonstrating what kind of intelligence?
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Crystallized
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Based on the underlying idea of Gardner's theory, what might one expect regarding minor brain damage to a specific part of the brain?
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A specific intelligence may be impacted (potential isolation)
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Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence includes what three distinct types of intelligence?
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Analytic, creative, and practical
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All children in Ms. Gray's math class can now solve subtraction problems, but Larry does them much more quickly and efficiently than most of his classmates. What would Sternberg call this ability?
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Automaticity
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What is an intelligence quotient (IQ)?
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score comparing mental and chronological ages
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What does a deviation IQ score indicate?
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Score based on a statistical comparison of an individuals performance with the average performance of others in the age group
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Compared to individual ability tests, what is a major limitation of group ability tests?
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Less likely to yield accurate picture of abilities of individuals
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Approximately what percent of the general population scores over 100 on a standardized IQ test?
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50%
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What is a major advantage of using standardized intelligence tests?
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Allows comparison of an individual to the group
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What do most psychologists today believe regarding the effects of heredity and environment on intelligence?
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Heredity and environment have equal influences on intelligence
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What type of learning style best characterizes a person who is motivated to learn by external rewards and the desire to be viewed in a good light by others?
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surface processing
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What is FAPE?
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Free and Appropriate Public Education
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What is an implication of the regular education initiative?
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Regular teachers will need to take more responsibility for teaching children with disabilities who are increasingly being "mainstreamed" into regular classes. Regular teachers will need to become more knowledgeable about teaching children with disabilities.
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What is Inclusion, as it relates to special education?
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Students with exceptional qualities will participate in the typical subject matter lessons in regular classrooms. These students will be integrated with all students in classrooms of an inclusion school. Inclusion does not, however, require students with exceptional abilities to participate in every activity in the daily routine of the school
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What is an IEP?
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Agreement between parents and school about the services that will be provided to the student
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What is the largest category of students with disabilities?
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Almost 50 percent of all students who receive some type of special education services are diagnosed as having a learning disability
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Bill, age 16, is bright and articulate. His classmates watch him with great interest because he "will try almost anything." Unfortunately, his reading level is very low, probably no higher than fourth-grade level, and he does not succeed in most courses. What might this description of Bill lead one to think about regarding his abilities?
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He has specific learning disability
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Tammy received her fourth F in her math class. She accepted the grade and believes that there is nothing she can do to improve her scores. What does Tammy appear to be experiencing?
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Learned helplessness
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Charlene's school records indicate that she has been diagnosed with a learning disability. Mr. Fredericksen, her teacher for the new school year, will want to learn more about Charlene. However, his first reaction, based on the literature, is that Charlene will probably have problems with what?
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Most likely to have reading problems
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Peter is a student at Mainstreet High School. He has had problems in the past maintaining appropriate behavior in his science class. Mrs. Brady, a ninth-grade science teacher, observes Peter during a laboratory experiment in her class. Peter is very calm and composed since he began taking his medication for Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder. What is a problem with using drug therapy in treating this disorder?
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Although behavior improves, learning may not
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In treating hyperactivity, what type of medication seems to work best?
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Stimulants
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What type of intervention appears to be the most successful in helping students with attention deficits?
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Behavior management strategies seem to be the most effective in helping students with attention deficits
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What condition does Attention Deficit Disorder refer to?
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A condition that affects a person's ability to focus on tasks and/or be patient
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Students often complain about Debbie. Debbie is always speaking very loudly even when circumstances do not call for such behavior. What type of problem is she demonstrating?
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Voicing problems
