Chapter 7 Gen Psych – Flashcards
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cognition
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refer collectively to these processes which include acquiring,storing,retrieving,and using information.
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imagery
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to represent or picture a sensory experience.
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formal concept
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concept clearly defined by a set of rules,a formal definition, or a classification system.
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natural concepts
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acquired not from definitions but from everyday perceptions and experiences.
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prototype
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example that embodies its most common and typical features.
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examplars
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indivial instances or examples of a concept that are stored in memory from personal experience.
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decision making
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process of making alternatives and choosing among them.
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additive strategy
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a decision making approach in which each alternative is rated on each of the important factors affecting the decision and the alternative with the highest overall rating is chosen.
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elimination by aspects
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alternatives are to be evaluated are ordered from most important to least important.
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heuristic
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a rule of thumb that is derived from experience.
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availability heuristic
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a rule stating that the perceived probability of an event corresponds to the ease with which the event comes to mind.
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representativeness heuristic
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a decision strategy based on how closely a new situation resembles a familiar one.
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recognition heuristic
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a strategy in which the decision making process terminates as soon as a factor that moves one toward a decision has been recognized,has also been the subject of much research.
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framing
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refers to the way information is presented so as to emphasize either a potential gain or potential loss as the outcome.
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intuition
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rapidly formed judgments based on gut feeling or instincts.
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anchoring
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the notion that focusing on a single factor magnifies the importance of that factor relative to others that are relevant to a decision.
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problem solving
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thoughts and actions required to achieve a desired goal.
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analogy heuristic
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comparing problems to others you have encountered in the past.
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working backward
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starts with the solution, a known condition,and works back through the problem.
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means-end analysis
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the current position is compared with a desired goal,and a series of steps are formulated and then taken to close the gap between the two.
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algorithm
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a problem-solving strategy that always leads to a correct solution if it is applied appropriately.
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functional fixedness
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the failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve problems.
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mental set
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the tendency to continue to use the same old method even though another approach might be better.
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confirmation bias
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cognition process that underlies both functional fixedness and mental set, the tendency to selectively pay attention that confirms preexisting beliefs and ignore data that contradict them.
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artificial intelligence
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programs that have been designed to match the skills of human experts in games such as a chess.
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artificial neural networks
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programs designed to mimic human brain functioning.
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expert systems
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programs designed to carry out highly specifically functions within a limited domain
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language
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a means of communicating thoughts and feelings using a system of socially shared but arbitrary symbols arranged according to rules of grammar.
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psycholinguistics
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the study of how language is acquired,produced,and used and how the sounds and symbols of language are translated into meaning.
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phonemes
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the smallest units of sound in a spoken language
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morphemes
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the smallest units of a meaning in language
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syntax
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the aspect of grammar that specifies the rules for arranging and combining words to form phrases and sentences.
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semantics
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the meaning or the study of meaning derived from morphemes,words,and sentences
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pragmatics
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the patterns of intonation and social roles associated with a language.
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linguistic relativity hypothesis
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the notion that the language a person speaks largely determines the nature of that person's thoughts.
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bilingualism
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fluency in at least two languages,is associated with better executive control skills on language tasks.
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intelligence
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an individuals ability to understand complex ideas to adapt effectively to the enviroment to learn from experience,to engage in various forms of reasoning and to overcome obstacles through mental effort
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g factor
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sperman's term for a general intellectual ability that underlies all mental operations to some degree.
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primary mental abilities
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according to thurstone,seven relatively distinct capabilities that singly or in combination are involved in all intellectual activities.
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theory of multiple intelligence
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Howard Gardner's proposal that there are several independent forms of intelligence. ( 8 independent forms of intelligence)
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triarchic theory of intelligence
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Stenberg's theory that there are three types of intelligence: componential ,experiential and contextual.
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achievement test
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a measure of what a person has learned up to a certain point in his or her life.
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aptitude test
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a test that predicts future performance in a particular setting or on a specific task
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intelligence test
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a test of individual differences in general intellectual ability.
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reliability
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the ability of a test to yield nearly the same score when the same people are tested and then retested on the same test or an alternative form of the test.
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validity
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the ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure
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standardization
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establishing norms for comparing the scores of people who will take a test in the future; administering tests using a prescribed procedure.
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norms
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age-based averages by which all scores are interpreted.
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culture-fair intelligence
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an intelligence test that uses questions that will not penalise those whose cultures differs from the mainstream or dominant culture.
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intelligence quotient
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an index of intelligence,originally derived by dividing mental age by chronological age and then multiplying by 100, but now derived by comparing an individual's score with the scores of others of the same age.
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intellectual disability
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a condition in which an individual has scores below 70 on a standardised intelligence test and displays adaptive functioning significantly below that of others the same age.
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inclusion
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educating students with intellectual disabilities by placing them in classes with students who do not have disabilities for part or all of the day; also called mainstreaming.
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nature-nurture debate
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the debate over whether intelligence and other traits are primarily the result of heredity or environment.
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heritability
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an index of the degree to which a characteristic is estimated to be influenced by heredity.
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emotional intelligence
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the ability to apply knowledge about emotions to everyday life.
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creativity
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the ability to produce original,appropriate,and valuable ideas and solutions to problems.
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divergent thinking
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the ability to produce multiple ideas,answers,or solutions to a problem for which there is no agreed-on solution.
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Gardner and his associate are known for proposing
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the theory of multiple intelligences
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imagery
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utilized when an individual conjures up a sensory experience in their own mind.
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During your senior year of high school you may have taken the ACT OR SAT in order to gain admittance into college. Which of the following most accurately describe these tests?
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aptitude tests
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achievement test
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a measure of what an individual has learned up to a certain point in his/her life.
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compared to formal concepts learned in science and math,natural concepts to be
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fuzzy with unclear boundaries.
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Holden, an engineer, was at his workspace trying to figure out how to design the brake system for a new car. He found himself continually going through the process of acquiring information and then storing it, retrieving it, and using it in order to complete his job. Which of the following concepts best describes the entire process in which Holden was engaging?
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cognition
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A(n) _____ is an example of a concept that a person has based on personal experiences.
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exemplar
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Those who are bright in one area are usually bright in other areas as well." Who would have made this comment?
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Charles Spearman.
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The first thing that comes to mind when asked to name an example from a category is called the _____
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prototype
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Who came up with the triarchic theory of intelligence?
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Robert Stenberg
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Heuristics are used for _____ in decision making.
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greater speed
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The rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language are collectively known as _____
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syntax
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A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be _____
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valid
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_____ refers to the way information is presented to emphasize either potential gain or potential loss as the outcome of our decision.
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framing
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Sally is enrolled in a high school geometry course, which she describes as "drawing figures and figuring drawings." In a typical class, students draw geometric figures and use a formula to calculate an aspect of the figure such as its area. Each time Sally uses a formula, she is making use of what psychologists call ____
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algorithms.
