question

cell doctrine

answer

all things are composed of cells- smallest unit of life

question

plasma membrane

answer

selectively permeable controls what goes in and out separates cytoplasm from inside

question

phospholipid bilayer

answer

layers of molecules of the membrane

question

hydrophillic

answer

outside head

question

hydrophobic

answer

inside tail

question

concentration gradient

answer

move from high to low concentration no energy required

question

passive transport

answer

hi to low concentration gradient no energy

question

diffusion

answer

move through a protein

question

facilitated transport

answer

changes proteins shape to move across membrane

question

active transport

answer

against concentration gradient low to high uses energy

question

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

answer

cell's energy currency gives its phosphates to another molecule and becomes diphosphate and releases energy and the protein takes the release of energy to change shape

question

hypertonic

answer

too much water

question

hypotonic

answer

too little water

question

endocytosis

answer

vessicles get materials outside the cell

question

exocytosis

answer

materials come into vessicle that fused with membrane and comes into the cell

question

sodium potassium pump

answer

when ATP becomes ADP sodium (-) molecules enter the protein and exit on the outside and potassium (+) comes in (negative out positive in)

question

cells have to be small why?

answer

high surface area relative to their interior volume, have to maintain exchange of nutrients and wastes, volume increases faster than surface area

question

why some cells bigger

answer

organelles-mini organs inside cell speed up the process

question

prokaryotic cells

answer

simple structure, small no nucleus or membrane bound organelles (bacteria, open warehouse) NOT SINGLE CELLED

question

eukaryotic cells

answer

membrane bound nucleus and organelles (office cubules) NOT MULTICELLULAR

question

cells are made up of ____ grouped by _____

answer

developed tissues grouped by common function

question

epithelial tissue

answer

line or cover surfaces/body cavities (line organs and outside of body)

question

simple squamous/stratified squamous

answer

single layer of cells(lungs, blood vessels)/many layers thick(skin-lose it theres more underneath)

question

simple cuboidal/stratified ex

answer

single layer cube shape (kidney)/sweat glands

question

simple columnar/stratified ex

answer

one layer thick (mucous, absorb nutrients)/(larynx)

question

skeletal muscle tissue

answer

voluntary movement- tendons-bones

question

cardiac muscle tissue

answer

in heart- constant beat pattern

question

smooth muscle tissue

answer

involuntary movement surrounds hollow organs-uterus, bladder

question

4 types of muscle

answer

epithelial muscle nervous connective

question

nervous tissue

answer

electrical impulses rapid communication-brain/spinal cord

question

connective tissue

answer

support/connect body parts

question

evolution

answer

genetic change in population over time

question

prevailing view points before darwin

answer

all species created at same time and never die out ; earth is 6000 yrs old

question

Where did Darwin go on HMS Beagle

answer

voyage around world

question

similarities in traits --Darwin

answer

resemblances between modern and extinct

question

variations in trait

answer

allow more secure resources if theyre all different which leads to more survival and reproduction

question

artificial selection

answer

human directed breeding for desired traits-- same as natural selection

question

Nature as a battlefield

answer

those who survived had best fitting traits

question

Galapagos islands importance

answer

beak size varied by island bc diffferent resources= different survival techniques

question

3 conditions of natural selection

answer

variation for a trait (rabbits running speed) heritability (dna passed down) differential reproductive success (slow rabbits easily killed, so slow trait not passed on)

question

theory of natural selection

answer

heritability allow for reproductive success become more common in population over time

question

evolutionary fitness

answer

measure of relative reproductive success

question

sexual selection

answer

traits are selected for bc attractive to opposite sex --peacocks

question

mutation

answer

a new allele in an individual which changes allele freuency in population--SOURCE OF GENETIC VARIATION IN A POPULATION--completely random but sometimes beneficial and selected for

question

migration

answer

into and out of population affects gene flow

question

genetic drift

answer

change in allele frequency by chance event --hurricane kills type of squirrel

question

genetic bottleneck

answer

rapid environment change (extreme hunting)

question

microevolution vs macroevolution

answer

micro=small changes macro=accumulated small changes

question

antibiotic resistence

answer

some bacteria mutated to be resistant to meds and arent killed off--resistance is passed on and becomes more common

question

reproductive isolation

answer

spectation split of one species into 2 or more species -genetic divergence

question

march of progress misleading bc

answer

it is more of a branching diagram with random events

question

taxonomy

answer

science of naming/categorizing living things

question

Biological species concept

answer

2 living things the same species if they can reproduce and have viable and fertile offspring

question

primate characteristics

answer

mammals, vertabrae, hair, mammary glands, 5 digits, forward eyes, flat nails

question

homonoids characteristics

answer

larger brains, no tail, complex social behavior

question

homonids

answer

homonoids that are more human like

question

common ancestor to all primates lived when

answer

65 million yrs ago

question

Ardipithecus ramidis

answer

first homonid walk upright and grasping hands and feet

question

Australopithecus afarensis

answer

ancestor of modern, sexes are different

question

Homo habilis

answer

tool makers, sexes more similar

question

Homo erectus

answer

larger brain size, sophisticated tools and social behavior

question

Homo sapiens

answer

larger brain, language, only ones surviving now

question

paranthropus bosei

answer

east african homonin very different from the other species which tells us there is more of a twig like decendant rather than a branch decendance--completely different

question

homo floresiensis

answer

A fourth homonin that may have lived on earth in the past 100,000 years

question

denisovans

answer

extinct species of human

question

how climate shaped evolution

answer

change in climate led to success in some and extinction of others

question

why humans competed out other homonids

answer

flexibility in adaptation to new environment

question

structural components of DNA

answer

phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogenous base (steps)

question

mutations

answer

change in DNA sequence that affects the structure of the protein that gene is coding for

question

types of mutations

answer

insertion, deletion, subsitution

question

importance of the shape of proteins

answer

shape of it determines the function

question

cystic fibrosis

answer

mutation that affects a protein that allows salt transport across cell membrane--mucus build up that affects the lungs mostly

question

symptoms of cystic fibrosis

answer

salty skin, respiratory issues, greasy stool

question

Mendels 3 conclusions

answer

inherit one allele from each parent, dominant/recessive, dominance is expressed more often

question

Mendel's 2 laws

answer

law of segregation-individuals have 2 alleles of any given trait (random) law of independent assortment- separate genes are passed independently from each other from parent to offspring

question

why use soap when extracting your dna

answer

breaks down cell membranes to release the DNA

question

eukaryotic

answer

have nucleus

question

chromosomes

answer

long strands of DNA and associated proteins

question

gene

answer

portion of DNA that codes for a protein

question

allele

answer

each gene has several, alternative forms of genes--short/tall

question

diploid

answer

2 sets of chromosomes

question

haploid

answer

sex cells, one chromosome

question

somatic cells

answer

diploid--all chromosome sets besides sex cells

question

gamete

answer

sex cell

question

autosome

answer

non sex chromosome

question

arabian sea dark and light layers

answer

wet and dry periods

question

Ardi

answer

able to walk upright in trees --bipedalism before in the savannah

question

Lucy

answer

discovered upright walking because of spinal cord and skull was human like--oldest known potential ancestor for all homonins

question

fine branch niche

answer

adaptations of toes and hands for finer branches

question

sickle cell disease

answer

a group of disorders that affects hemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cells that delivers oxygen to cells throughout the body

question

usa population with sickle cell disease

answer

70,000 - 100,000

question

why is sickle cell so prevalent

answer

genetic, and high chance for areas with malaria--causes reproductive success to cope with malaria

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