question

phonemic awareness

answer

specific type of phonological awareness that focuses on the ability to distinguish, manipulate, & blend specific sounds within an individual word

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phonemes

answer

ability to distinguish among individual sounds

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Beginning reading teachers most important goal

answer

teaching students to decode text

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Steps in writing skills

answer

1. role-play writing 2. Experimental Writing 3. Early Writing 4. Conventional writing

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Role-play writing

answer

children write in scribbles and assign a message to the symbols

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Experimental writing

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children write in simple forms of language, often writing letters according to the way they sound -aware of correspondence between written words and oral language

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early writing

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children start to use a small range of familiar text forms and sight words in writing -learn that they have to correct their writing for others to read it

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conventional writing

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students can proofread their writing and edit it for mistakes -transfer between reading and writing and get ideas for writing from what they read -students have a sense of what correct spelling and grammar look like

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difficulties in emergent literacy

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-don't have phonemic awareness -difficulty with phonological memory -problems with lexical access & lack ability to rapidly name colors, pictures, and objects

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warning signs of difficulties in emergent literacy

answer

-failure to recognize letters in child's name -lack of interest in singsong rhymes -difficulty learning/remembering names & shapes of letters -trouble comprehending simple instructions

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Big 5 critical areas of reading instruction

answer

phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, comprehension, and vocabulary

question

balanced literacy curriculum

answer

-focuses on the use of skills in various instructional contexts -components: shared, guided, & independent reading & writing -use of real literature

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independent reading

answer

students choose and read books that are at their reading levels

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guided reading

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teachers work with small groups of students to help them with their particular reading problems

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whole-group reading

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entire class reads the same text and the teacher incorporates activities to help students learn phonics, comprehension, fluency, and vocab

question

learning theory research

answer

assumption that language development evolved from learning the rules of language structures and applying them through imitation and reinforcement -assumed that language, cognition, and social development are independent of one another

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linguistic approach

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-noam Chomsky -language ability is innate and develops through natural human maturation as environmental stimuli trigger acquisition of syntactical structures appropriate to each exposure level -language development = biological rather than cognitive/social influences

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cognitive approach

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-drawn from studies from Piaget -language knowledge derives from both syntactic and semantic structures -children acquire knowledge of linguistic structures after they have acquired the cognitive structures necessary to process language

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socio cognitive approach

answer

-preschool years: children acquire cognitive skills in oral language that they later apply to reading comprehension -Reid Metalinguistic abilities

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Reid Metalinguistic abilities

answer

1. word consciousness: tell stories thru pictures, connection between spoken words and printed words 2. language & conventions of print: learn how to hold a book, directionality 3. Functions of print: learn that print is used for different functions 4. fluency: children learn to read in phrases and use intonation thru listening to adult models

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alphabetic principle

answer

the alphabet comprises a limited set of letters and these letters stand for the sounds of spoken words

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instructional grouping strategies

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-whole-class instruction -small-group instruction -students working alone in teacher-directed activities -collaborative groups -circle sharing -partner groups

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whole-class instruction

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used to introduce new materials and strategies to the whole class

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small group instruction

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used for small groups of students who need more instruction on an objective

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students working alone in teacher-directed activities

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enables the teacher to give one-on-one instruction or to assess how students are progressing

question

collaborative groups

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students working together on a project

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circle sharing

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student discussion ex: author's chair

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partner group

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paired reading, think pare share, and so on

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components of print rich environment

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-classroom libraries with a wide assortment of reading material: big books -labels in the classroom -displays of children's work: word wall

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Cooper

answer

-children become illiterate, effective communicators and able to comprehend by learning phonics and other aspects of word identification through the use of engaging reading texts -should not be taught vocab/structural analysis skills -more important that children be made aware of and become interested in learning words by themselves -by reading/writing children develop a love for words

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engaging texts

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texts that contain highly predictable elements of rhyme, sound patterns and plot

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Chall & Flesch

answer

-support a phonics-centered foundation before the use of engaging reading texts

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one book-whole class mode

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-framework for organizing the balanced literacy classroom -everyone in class has experiences with the same book

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IRA

answer

international reading association

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NCTE

answer

national council of teachers of English

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Flesch & Hirsch

answer

-phonics approach -believe that specific vocabulary words at various grade and age levels need to be mastered and must be explicitly taught in schools

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Uta Frith's model of reading acquisition

answer

ages 4-8 1. logographic 2. Alphabetic 3. Orthographic

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Logographic stage

answer

-children not aware that individual letters represent specific sounds -recognize whole words that have significance for them -nurture development: labeling of classroom, & showing child's name in print

question

Alphabetic stage

answer

-concept of letter/sound relationship develops -acquires explicit knowledge of phonemes & how to merge those sounds into words

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orthographic stage

answer

-readers do not need to sounds out words on a regular basis -recognize a large number of words automatically & instantly access their meaning

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collection text

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presents a set of related points of ideas in a group -text structure: listing, sequence -uses clue words: first, second, etc. -ex: recipe making

question

two aspects to listening that warrant attention

answer

-comprehension -purpose

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comprehension

answer

understanding what someone says, the purpose behind the message, and the context in which it is said

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purpose

answer

the reason/significance for the message

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reading conferences

answer

-ask a student to read a text -ask why the student chose that text

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reading surveys

answer

-teachers devise a list of questions to find out what students are reading, how they decide what book to read, and how students feel about the topics/language used in the book

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daily reading time

answer

set time when everyone in the class is reading or a center activity with a small group reading

question

literature circles

answer

-using role sheets by Harvey Daniels: students take on different roles each day -discuss a chapter/book, find new vocab words, prose questions for the group

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readers theater

answer

students adapt part of the book/story and make it into a choral reading with expression that shows how they felt about what they have read

question

board books

answer

-books with sturdy pages -best for toddlers -Donald Crew's: Freight Train

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toy books

answer

-best for children ages 2/3 -book that have flaps to lift up, textures to touch, or holes to peek through -Dorothy Kunhardt's: Pat The Bunny

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concept books

answer

-best for ages three to seven -combine language and pictures to show concrete examples of abstract concepts -Lois Ehlert's: Color Zoo

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alphabet books

answer

-category of a concept book -best for preschool-grade 2 -book written in alphabetical order -Arnold Lobel's: On Market Street

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wordless picture books & easy-to-read books

answer

best for grades k-2 -best for children just beginning to read -no text, children must be capable of reading pictures & creative enough to supply content -Mercer Mayers: Frog Goes to Dinner -Else Minarik's: Little Bear

question

picture book

answer

-best for preschool years onward -books characterized by illustrations and a plot tha are closely related -show sensitivity to color, line, shape, texture, and overall composition -David Wiesner's: Tuesday

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predictable texts/pattern books

answer

-book with words/phrases repeated over and over -best for beginning reader

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chapter books

answer

-readers in grades 2,3,4, and up -characterized by occasional illustrations, relatively short chapters to begin with, & interesting plots that appeal to children ages 8 & up

question

prose fiction

answer

literature about imaginary people, places, and events -stimulates students imaginations while considering the authors view of the world -genre includes: novels, short stories, and plays

question

folktales/fairytales

answer

-genre about adventures of animals/humans as supernatural -focuses on good/evil & reward/punishment

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fables

answer

-genre about moral/exemplum in which animals often speak and are human-like

question

legends

answer

-traditional narrative/collections of narratives regarded as historically factual with a mixture of facts/fiction

question

myths

answer

-stories that are universally shared within a culture to explain its history and traditions

question

tall tales

answer

purposely exaggerated accounts of individuals with superhuman strength

question

modern fantasy

answer

-stories that start out based on reality then enter worlds of unreality -appeal to ideals of justice & issues having to do with good/evil

question

science fiction

answer

-robots, spacecraft, mystery and civilization from other ages appear in this stories -interest in space & "what if" aspects

question

modern realistic fiction

answer

about real problems that real children face -broadening of interests as a result of this kind of reading

question

historical fiction

answer

presented in a historically accurate setting -provides good opportunity to introduce younger children to history in a beneficial way -ex: Rifles for Watie

question

poetry

answer

communicates ideas and feelings through an arrangement of words and sounds -used to capture mood, tell a story, or explore different ideas

question

prose nonfiction

answer

literature that is about real events, times, and places includes: essays, journals, articles, letters, bios, and autobios

question

essays

answer

short works of nonfictions that give the authors opinion on a specific topic

question

biographies

answer

written accounts of a persons life -written in third person

question

autobiographies

answer

accounts of a persons life written by that person (first-person point of view)

question

memoirs

answer

-type of autobiography -only deal with 1 or 2 aspects of the authors lifes

question

editorials

answer

statements/news articles written by a news organization -express the opinion of the editor/writer on topics of interest to readers -short & always labeled

question

textbooks

answer

-present information on a subject area and include many different topics -divided into chapters -has: table of contents, index, glossary, graphs, charts, photos, diagrams

question

news article

answer

present information on recent events of interest -answer's the 5 W's -accompanied by photos or illustrations

question

Caldecott Medal

answer

best-illustrated picture book published in the US wins medal after Randolph Caldecott

question

newberry medal

answer

-medal presented for the most distinguished children's book written in the US -books suitable for intermediate and middle-level children

question

Genre switch-reader and writer transformation

answer

-strategy introduced as a read-aloud with young children/struggling readers -teacher reads aloud, asks children to write/say type of story, switches to a different story, have discussion/write down retelling story or make own story in that genre

question

analyzing story elements

answer

students use graphic organizers such as story maps, compare/contrast displays, & sequence boxes to display their understanding of these critical features of the stories

question

analyzing character development

answer

deciphering between kinds of characters

question

flat character

answer

one dimensional and is often defined by one characteristic

question

round character

answer

seems like someone you know

question

static character

answer

do not change from the beginning to the end of the story

question

dynamic character

answer

change from the beginning to the end of the story

question

intertextuality

answer

when a literary allusion appears in a story

question

literary allusion

answer

when a reference, character, or symbol from one story appears or is alluded to in another

question

5 strategies for children reading informational/expository texts

answer

1.inferencing 2. identifying main points 3. identify the authors main idea 4. summarizing 5. generating questions

question

graphic organizers

answer

pictorial methods of organizing information to help the student remember it more efficiently -help students classify information to be learned into smaller pieces with common characteristics -help students see relationship among concepts

question

semantic mapping

answer

strategy of organizing information in which students use a visual representation to show how words or concepts are related -form of graphic organizer -new knowledge is directly linked to prior information

question

types of expository texts

answer

description text causation/cause-effect text comparison text collection text response structure expository texts

question

description text

answer

gives the characteristics/qualities of a particular topics -don't have explicit clue words

question

causation/ cause & effect text

answer

-faulty reasoning -use inferential and self-questioning skills to assess relationship -clue words: therefore, reasons for, as a result of, because, as a consequence of, since

question

comparison text

answer

gives contrasts & similarities between two or more objects and ideas -key words: like, unlike, resemble, different, different form, similar to, in contrast with

question

response structure to expository texts

answer

present a questions/response followed by an answer or solution -clue words: the problem is, the question is, you need to solve for, one probable solution would be, an intervention could be, the concern is, another way to solve this would be

question

4 basic features of the alphabetic principle

answer

1. students able to hear the separate sounds in spoken words 2. students able to blend separate sounds together to make words 3. teachers use systematic, effective program to teach children to decode 4. teaching usually begins in kindergarten

question

morphology

answer

study of the word structure -development of these skills allow students to begin to understand meaningful parts of words

question

syntax

answer

rules or patterned relationships that create phrases and sentences from words -development of these skills allows students to understand sentence structure and grammar

question

semantics

answer

meaning expressed when words are arranged in a specific way

question

decoding

answer

students abilities to sound out a word by translating different letters or groups of letters into sounds they represent

question

components of reading fluency

answer

-accuracy -automaticity -rate -prosody

question

accuracy

answer

-95-100% correctly: students ready to read independently -92-97% correctly: students ready for guided/instructional reading -less than 92% correct: need an easier level to avoid frustration & failure

question

automaticity

answer

fast & accurate identification of whole words made of specific letter patterns -practice techniques: speed drills

question

rate

answer

one minute speed drill: -30 correct words per minute for 1st & 2nd grade children -40 for 3rd graders -60 for mid-3rd graders -80 for students in fourth grade or higher

question

prosody

answer

study of poetic meters and versification -involves intonation and rhythm

question

hook & jones

answer

proposed that teachers begin to develop awareness of the prosodic feature of language by introducing short 3-word sentences which each of the words underlined for stress

question

Introduce vocab before reading if:

answer

-children have difficult time constructing meaning on their own -children have previewed text and indicated words they want to know -the teacher has seen that some words with the text are definitely keys necessary for reading comprehension -the text itself contains difficult concepts for the children to grasp

question

introduce vocab during reading if:

answer

-children are already doing guided reading -the text has words that are crucial for comprehension and the children will have trouble comprehending the text if they are not helped with it

question

introduce vocab after reading if:

answer

-the children have shared words that they found difficult or interesting -the text itself is one that is suited for vocab building

question

morphemes

answer

prefixes, roots, and suffixes

question

authors purpose

answer

to entertain, persuade, inform, describe, or narrate

question

early instruction in making inferences

answer

having students look at pictures and listen to stories about characters whose feelings are evident but not stated

question

semantic organizers

answer

-graphically display information -focus on words or concepts -ex: word web

question

most useful comprehension strategies for beginning readers

answer

-questioning -summarizing -making connections

question

developmental stages of spelling

answer

1. pre-phonemic spelling 2. early phonemic spelling 3. letter-name spelling

question

pre-phonemic spelling

answer

children know that letters stand for a message, but they do not know the relationship between spelling and pronunciation

question

early phonemic spelling

answer

children are beginning to understand spelling -usually write the beginning letter correctly and finish with consonants or long vowels

question

letter-name spelling

answer

some words consistently spelled correctly -student developing sight vocab, & stable understanding of letters as sounds -long vowels used accurately, silent vowels omitted -child spells unknown words by attempting to match the name of the letter of the sound

question

stages of the writing process

answer

1. prewriting 2. drafting 3. revising & editing 4. proofreading 5. publishing

question

narrative writing

answer

-discourse arranged chronologically -ex: news reports, records of trips, stories, nonfiction, history

question

descriptive writing

answer

discourse that makes an experience available through one or more of the five senses

question

expository writing

answer

-informative in nature -ex: directions, instructions, unbiased news stories, content-area reading

question

persuasive writing

answer

piece of writing whose purpose is to change the minds of readers to get them to do something -ex: poem, play, essay

question

pronoun

answer

used in place of a noun or other pronoun ex: he, she, it, them, they

question

antecedent

answer

word or word group that a pronoun stands for or refers to

question

present perfect tense

answer

express action/ condition that started in the past and continues

question

Randy has practiced the piano every day for the last 10 years. Randy has never been bored with practice. example of:

answer

present perfect tense

question

past perfect tense

answer

expresses action or a condition that occurred as a precedent

question

Randy had considered playing clarinet before he discovered the piano. example of:

answer

past perfect tense

question

future perfect tense

answer

expresses action that started in the past/present and will conclude sometime in the future

question

By the time he goes to college, Randy will have been an accomplished pianist for more than half of his life. Example of:

answer

future perfect tense

question

indicative mood

answer

used to make unconditional statements

question

subjunctive mood

answer

used for conditional clauses or wish statements that prose conditions that are untrue

question

If I were a bird, I would fly. example of:

answer

indicative mood

question

I wish I were as rich as Donald Trump. Example of:

answer

subjunctive mood

question

informal oral language

answer

-one mode of communication -usually first to be acquired -conversation -lacks full sentences, & bound by the situation in which one is communicating

question

informal written language

answer

-telegraphic & context-bound -shopping lists, homemade cards, caption on a child's drawing

question

formal written language

answer

what children hear when they are read aloud to

question

IRI

answer

informal reading inventories -series of samples of texts prearranged in stages of increasing difficulty -teacher can use this to pinpoint student's skill level and additional concepts they need to work on

question

running record

answer

-informal assessment -helps decide whether a book a child is reading is matched to his/her stage of reading development -allows teacher to analyze a child's miscues, & determines which other systems the child might use more effectively -graphic account of a childs oral reading

question

rate of accuracy for informal assessment

answer

estimated by dividing the childs errors by the total words read

question

portfolios include materials:

answer

-work samples -records of independent reading/writing -checklists/surveys -self-evaluation forms

question

portfolio summary sheets

answer

provide identifying data on the children and a timeline of their review of the portfolio contents

question

DIBELS

answer

diagnostic indicators of basic early literacy skills -measures progress from K to 3rd grade -group administered -type of CRT

question

Stanford Achievement tests

answer

designed to measure individual childrens achievement in key school subjects -group-administered -type of CRT

question

DRP

answer

Degrees of Reading Power -targeted to assess how well children understand the meaning of written text in real-life situations -measure the process of children's reading -type of CRT

question

CTPIII

answer

-type of CRT -measures verbal and quantitative ability in grades 3-12 -help differentiate among most capable students (those who score 80% on other standardized tests) -emphasizes higher order thinking skills and process-related reading comprehension questions

question

Iowa Test of Basic Skills

answer

-best known NRT -assesses student achievement in various school subjects and has several subtests in reading

question

group NRT examples

answer

metropolitan achievement test, terra nova-2, standard diagnostic reading test-4

question

individual NRT examples

answer

woodcock reading mastery test

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