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Conditioning is the process of

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Learning associations

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Learning

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The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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Associative learning

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Learning that certain events occur together.

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Stimulus

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Any event or situation that evokes a response

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Cognitive learning

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The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

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Classical conditioning

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We learn to associate two stimuli and this to anticipate events

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Operant conditioning

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We learn to associate a response (our behavior) and it's consequence

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Observational learning

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Learn from others experience

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Pavlov studied

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Classical conditioning

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In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus, which after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to a trigger a conditioned response, is called a

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Conditioned stimulus (CS)

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In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, what was the conditioned response (CR)?

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The fear of the white rat

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Classical conditioning

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A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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Behaviorism

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The view that psychology 1. Should be an objective science 2. That studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not with 2

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Neutral stimulus (NS)

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In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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Unconditioned response (UR)

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In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)

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Unconditioned stimulus (US)

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in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response (UR)

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conditioned response (CR)

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in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

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conditioned stimulus (CS)

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in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)

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The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response?

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spontaneous recovery

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According to Ader and Cohen (1985) classical conditioning even works on the body's disease-fighting immune system. According to this research which of the following would be the most likely to produce this response?

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repeated pairing of coffee with the immune enhancing drug

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According to psychologists, learning:

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is a relatively enduring behavior change that occurs due to experience

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In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, salivating in response to the bell after associating the bell with food is called a(n):

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conditioned response (CR)

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Both Watson and Pavlov believed that psychology should study only _____ and _____ psychological phenomena.

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objective; observable

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In classical conditioning _____, while in operant conditioning _____.

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we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events; we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence

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Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is the:

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conditioned response.

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One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:

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the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.

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After John Watson lost his professorship at Johns Hopkins University which career did he enter?

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advertising

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People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____ conditioning.

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classical

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In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the:

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conditioned response (CR)

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In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the conditioned stimulus (CS) used to produce fear was:

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a white rat

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Acquisition

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in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.

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high-order conditioning

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a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.

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extinction

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the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (UC) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

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In their dismissal of "mentalistic" concepts such as consciousness, Pavlov and Watson underestimated the importance of _____ processes and biological constraints on an organism's learning capacity.

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cognitive

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MC. Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____.

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association; observation and imitation

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John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

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observable behavior

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The difficulty in introducing captive-bred animals successfully into the wild (there is only an 11% success rate) is evidence that successful adaptation into the wild requires both _____ and _____.

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nature; nurture

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Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate:

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two stimuli.

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Generalization

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the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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discrimination

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in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimuli and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

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law of effect

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thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that those behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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operant chamber

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in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking

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A Skinner Box

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inside the box a rat presses a bar for a food reward, outside the box a measuring device records the animals accumulated responses

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reinforcement

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in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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shaping

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an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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positive reinforcement

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any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

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negative reinforcement

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any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

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primary reinforcer

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an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

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conditioned reinforcer

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a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (also known as secondary reinforcer)

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reinforcement schedule

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a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

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continuous reinforcement

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reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

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partial (intermittent) reinforcement

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reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

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fixed-ratio schedule

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforced a response only after a specified number of responses

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variable-ratio schedule

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

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fixed-interval schedule

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

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variable-interval schedule

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

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Watson and Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by:

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playing a loud noise

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Early theorists in associative learning:

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David Hume, John Locke, Aristotle

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respondent behavior

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behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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operant behavior

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behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

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cognitive map

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a mental representation of a layout of one's environment

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latent learning

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learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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intrinsic motivation

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a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

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extrinsic motivation

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a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

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modeling

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the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

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mirror neurons

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frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.

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Who is best known for studying observational learning?

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Bandura

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The famous BoBo doll study showed that:

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performance of a behavior was affected by the cognitive expectation of reinforcement or punishment

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Infants by age _________ will have imitative acts modeled on television

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14 months

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prosocial behavior

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positive, constructive, helpful behavior.

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Models who commit violent acts but go unpunished would lead to the acquiring of...

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aggressive behavior through observational learning

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