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according to the text learning involves

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a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

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If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdraw response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates

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associative learning

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conditioning is the process of

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learning associations

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the first experimental studies of the associative learning were conducted by

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Pavlov

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The "psychic secretions" that Pavlov initially considered an annoyance were

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Conditioned responses

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Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrates

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Classic conditioning

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Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the arrival of their food. This best illustrates the process underlying

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Operant conditioning

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After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates

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Observational learning

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John B Watson considered himself to be a(n)

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Behaviorist

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Last year, Dr Moritano cleaned Natasha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natasha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?

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classical conditioning

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In pavlov's experiments, the dogs salvation triggered by the taste of food was a(n)

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unconditioned response

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If a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated with the presentation of food, the tone is called a(n)

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conditioned stimulus

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A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouthwatering meal. Later when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a

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CS

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In classical conditioning the _____ signals the impending occurrence of the ______.

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CS;US

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Extinction occurs when a ____ is no longer paired with a ___.

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CS;US

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Spontaneous recovery refers to the

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reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of

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Generalization

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The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called

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Discrimination

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Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of

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Discrimination

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Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

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so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned

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Months after she was raped, Courtney's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the place where she was attacked. The location of her heart attack is most likely a(n) ____ for Courtney's anxiety.

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conditioned stimulis

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In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?

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operant conditioning

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B.F. Skinners work elaborated what E.L. Thorndike had called

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the law of effect

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Shaping is a(n) ____ procedure.

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operant conditioning

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Five year old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refused to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teachers initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally for a complete sentence. The teacher using the method of

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shaping

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An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n)

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Reinforcer

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Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance washing the car is a(n)

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positive reinforcer

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Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ____ is to ____.

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positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

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Any stimulus that, when removed after a response strengthens the response is called a(n)

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negative reinforcer

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Mason, a stockbroker, runs 2 miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ___ reinforcer .

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negative

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Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will

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continue to ask for a treat every time she foes to the store

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Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ___ schedule.

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variable ratio

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Asking women for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ___ schedule.

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variable ratio

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An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every day he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ___ schedule

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fixed-interval

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Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ___ schedule.

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variable-interval

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The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ___ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to __.

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reinforcement; punishment

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Negative reinforcers ___ the rate of operant responding, and punishments ____the rate of operant responding

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increase; decrease

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A child who is punished for swearing at home but reinforced for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of

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Discrimination

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Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of ___ in operant conditioning.

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cognitive processes

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If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates

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latent learning

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Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit

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intrinsic motivation

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B.F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allowed for both

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shaping and immediate reinforcement

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Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software?

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respondent behavior

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when grocery shopping with his mother, 4 year old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food. Parent-training experts would suggest that his mother should

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continue shopping while ignoring his tantrums

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A learned association between a response and a consequence is central to

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operant learning

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Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for

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observational learning

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Who highlighted the importance of observational learning?

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Bandura

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Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to

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Modeling

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Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of

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observational learning

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Desensitization and imitation are 2 factors that contribute to

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the violence-viewing effect

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In Pavlov's experiments on salivary conditioning the US was

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presentation of food in the dogs mouth

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In pavlovs experiments, the dogs salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n)

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Conditioned response

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A geometric figure is most likely to become sexually arousing is presented shortly

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Before an appropriate US

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Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrated

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generalization

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After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ____ for Colin's fear

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Unconditioned stimulus

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Which of the following is an example of the respondent behavior

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Blushing when embarrassed

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A Skinner box is a(n)

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Chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward

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You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to

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Retrieve sticks and balls

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An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, the only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of

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Successive approximations

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Because Mr. Baron demonstrates appreciation only for very good classroom answers, his students have stopped participating in class. Mr. Baron most clearly needs to be informed of the value of

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Shaping

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Positive reinforcers ___the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ___the rate of operant responding

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Increase; increase

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A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of

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Continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement

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Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ___reinforcement

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Intermittent

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A fixedratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

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Specified number of responses have been made

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One the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a _____ schedule

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Variable-ratio

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Positive punishment is the introduction of a(n) ____stimulus following a behavior and negative punishment is with withdrawal of a(n)____ stimulus following a behavior

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Aversive; pleasant

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The use of physical punishment may

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Have all of these results

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The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves

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Extrinsic motivation

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According to B.F. Skinner, human behavior is

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Associative learning

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Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of

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Modeling

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We find it harder to frown when viewing a smile then when viewing a frown. This can most clearly be attributed to

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Mirror neurons

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In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated BoBo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of

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Observational learning

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Correlation studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence_____ increased rates of violent behavior

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predicts

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The Predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ______in conditioning

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cognitive processes

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Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of

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Associative learning

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