Psy 309 Final Exam - Ch. 1-13 - Flashcards

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The gollypod, a fictitious aquatic animal, breaks out in a cold sweat whenever exposed to the sun. This reaction is most likely ______.

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a reflex

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The evidence from biology suggests that the first "eyes" were not eyes at all, but_______

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light-sensitive cells

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Mutations provide new variations, which if _______, will be selected.

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adaptive

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A reflex is ________ .

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a relationship between an event and a simple response

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Work on selective breeding in ___________ over a period of 40 years shows that behavioral characteristics can be selectively bred so that the descendants behave more like a different species than like their own ancestors.

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foxes

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The dispute over the relative importance of genetics and learning is often called the ________ debate.

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Nature-Nurture

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Learning is a change in behavior due to ________.

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experience

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Experience refers to ________

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changes in the environment

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A stimulus is an environmental event that is capable of affecting _______.

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Behavior

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The author of your text evidently believes that _______.

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learning is a way of adapting to change

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The quotation, "Change is the only constant," is attributed to ______.

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Lucretius

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Modal action patterns are induced by events called ______.

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releasers

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The chief advantage of learning over natural selection as a means of adapting to change is that learning ________ .

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is faster

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Darwin suggested that natural selection is analogous to

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breeding.

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The brown-headed cowbird puts its eggs in other birds's nests. This is an example of a ______.

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modal action pattern/instinct

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Hart and Risley did a longitudinal study of the influence of the home verbal environment on children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. They found that _______.

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children whose parents talked to them a lot later scored higher on IQ tests

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The cowbird deposits its eggs in the nests of other birds. This is most likely a ________.

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modal action pattern

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Steven says that he was very nervous when he first attended college classes, but now he feels quite relaxed. Steven's loss of anxiety is most likely an example of _______.

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learning

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A thumbtack stuck in a bulletin board several feet away is less likely to affect your behavior than a thumbtack placed on the chair on which you are sitting. Even though both examples involve a thumbtack, the second is more likely to qualify as a ________.

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stimulus

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Learning is evolved _________.

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modifiability

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Lee Cronk wrote an article on how evolved behavior can prove nonadaptive when the environment changes. The article was called ________.

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Old Dogs, Old Tricks

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Darwin was influenced by the book, An Essay on the Principle of Population, by

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Darwin was influenced by the book, An Essay on the Principle of Population, by

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There is debate between psychologists on the position that learning refers to durable changes. What is the problem with this position?

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The concept of duration is vague.

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Zing Yang Kuo found that 86% of kittens that saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves. He found that _____ of kittens that never saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves.

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45%

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Teenagerus Americanus, a two-legged ape indigenous to North America, breaks out in a cold sweat whenever exposed to elevator music. This reaction is most likely ______.

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learned behavior

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Variation and natural selection are the foundations of _______.

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evolution

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_____ changes when learning occurs.

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Behavior

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Most mutations _______.

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are not helpful to survival

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The list of alleged human instincts ______.

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has gotten shorter over the years

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Evolution is widely accepted except in

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America.

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Natural selection is often _______.

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behind the times

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_______, like natural selection, is a biological mechanism for adapting to change.

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learning

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The chief limitation of natural selection as a means of adapting to change is that ___________.

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it is slow/takes place over generations/helps the species but not the individual

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The person who demonstrated that the marching of tropical army ants is not intelligent behavior is ______.

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Schneirla

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The quotation, "Change is the only constant," is attributed to ______.

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Lucretius

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The cowbird deposits its eggs in the nests of other birds. This is most likely a ________.

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modal action pattern

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The evidence from biology suggests that the first "eyes" were not eyes at all, but_______.

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light-sensitive cells

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Natural selection is illustrated by changes in the coloration of the Peppered Moth resulting from _______.

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industrial pollution

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The rooting of pigs (for worms, larvae, and truffles) is an example of a

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MAP

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Experimental research on behavior is often said to be artificial. To compensate for this problem, researchers do ________ .

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field experiments

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In a cumulative record, learning is indicated by a change in response ________ .

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rate

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Response _______ refers to the time that passes before a response occurs.

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latency

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Your text describes four basic sources of evidence: anecdotal, case study, descriptive study, experimental study. The least reliable of these is ______.

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anecdotal

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One problem with computer simulations as a substitute for animal research is that ___________.

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no one knows what behavior to program until the research has been done

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Marjorie drives a school bus. Sometimes the kids get rather noisy. She decides to play music the kids like through speakers on the bus, but whenever the kids get too noisy she turns the music off. When they quiet down, she turns the music back on. In this way, she hopes to get the kids to make less noise. Marjorie is probably going to measure learning as a change in response _________.

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intensity

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An ________ is something an organism tries to escape or avoid.

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aversive

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In within-subject experiments, each subject's performance is compared with his or her performance during a ______.

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baseline period

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Experiments done in natural settings are called _______.

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field experiments

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Harry teaches an advanced painting class. His goal is to teach students to paint more creatively. Harry will probably measure learning as a change in response _________.

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topography

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The person who suggested that to learn how nature works, we must "sit down before fact as a little child," and "be prepared to give up every preconceived notion" was ______.

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T. H. Huxley

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Using an ABA reversal design is rather like using a ______.

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light switch

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A computer simulation that is useful for teaching certain principles of learning is called ________ .

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Sniffy the Virtual Rat

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The kind of study that is most likely to involve a large number of subjects is one with a ________.

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between-subjects design

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The natural science approach assumes that things are caused only by natural events.

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True

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Any variable an experimenter manipulates is a(n) ________ variable.

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independent

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A computer simulation that is useful for teaching certain principles of learning is called _________.

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Sniffy the Virtual Rat

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A teacher who looks for an increase in the number of correct performances per minute is using _______ as a measure of learning.

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fluency

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A flat cumulative record indicates that the behavior is ________.

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not occurring

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B. F. Skinner was the first person to record data cumulatively

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False

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Any variable that is allowed to vary freely is a(n) __________ variable.

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dependent

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In the cumulative record below, the rate of behavior is ________.

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decreasing

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Researchers can control _________better with animal subjects than with human subjects.

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all of the above

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A cumulative record shows the total number of responses that have occurred in a given period of time as well as the rate at which they occurred.

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True

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In group-design experiments, researchers often use ________ to reduce differences among participants.

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matched sampling

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The kind of experiment that is most likely to require statistical analysis is a(n) _______.

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between-subjects experiment

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One highly readable little book on research methods mentioned in your text is called _________.

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Psychological Research: An Introduction

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Research results with humans usually parallel those with animals.

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True

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An _____________ is something an organism tries to escape or avoid.

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aversive

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A flat cumulative record indicates that the behavior is ________

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not occurring

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The first person to use a single-subject reversal design was probably ____________.

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Galen

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Balster suggests that inhumane treatment of research animals is __________.

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bad science

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Speed and rate are different terms for the same measure of learning

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False

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Each pairing of a CS and US is one _______.

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trial

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A key feature of Pavlovian conditioning is that the CS and US appear together regardless of what the animal or person does.

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True

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Pavlov became interested in psychic reflexes around ________.

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1900

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One way to test for the effects of conditioning is to use test trials

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True

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In Pavlovian conditioning, contiguity usually refers to the ________.

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time between CS and US

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In ____________ conditioning, the CS and US occur at the same time.

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simultaneous

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The procedure of pairing a neutral stimulus with a well-established CS is called higher-order Conditioning

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True

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The term ___________ response refers to an innate reflex response to a stimulus.

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unconditional

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One way to determine if conditioning has occurred is to present the CS alone. Each such presentation is called a(n) ______ trial.

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Test

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If, following conditioning, a CS is repeatedly presented without the US, the procedure is called ________.

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extinction

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Pavlov was a ________.

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Russian

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In Pavlovian conditioning, ISI refers to ______.

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interstimulus interval

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Many people think of scientists as dull people without feelings, but Pavlov said that science requires ______________.

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supreme passion

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Higher-order conditioning is probably most important to ___________.

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humans

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In so far as the rate of learning is concerned, the most important pairings of the CS and US are those that come _________.

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at the beginning of training

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The notation that best describes the Pavlovian procedure is _______

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CS-->US

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The time between conditioning trials is called the _______.

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intertrial interval

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Pavlov's work paved the way for Darwin's theory of evolution.

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False

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Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for his research on conditioning.

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False

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Pavlov is best described as ________.

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an experimenter from head to foot

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________ said that Pavlov was one of the greatest geniuses of all time.

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H. G. Wells

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A CS that consists of two or more stimuli is called a _________ stimulus

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compound

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When exposure to a stimulus prior to pairing with a US interferes with conditioning, the phenomenon is called ________.

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latent inhibition

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Spontaneous recovery is associated with _______.

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extinction

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In _______ conditioning the CS and US overlap

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delayed

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Conditional reflexes are so named because they ____________.

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were considered rude

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The experiments of Staats and Staats with nonsense syllables are examples of ____________ conditioning.

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higher-order

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J. M. Graham and Claude Desjardins established a(n) ______ as a CS for sexual arousal in rats.

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odor

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In studying "psychic secretions," Pavlov focused his attention on the ________.

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events in the dog's environment

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An experimenter presents a flash of light and a bell simultaneously followed by food. Conditioning proceeds satisfactorily, but when the experimenter presents the light and bell separately, he finds that the bell is an effective CS, but the light is not. The experimenter has demonstrated _______

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overshadowing

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Each time a buzzer sounds, a puff of air makes a rabbit blink. Soon the rabbit blinks when it hears the buzzer. George believes that this meANS the buzzer takes the place of the air puff. George is an advocate of ________.

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Rescorla-Wagner model b. preparatory response theory c. stimulus substitution theory d. valence theory

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Pavlovian conditioning is also called ________ conditioning.

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classical

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George Bernard Shaw said that Pavlov was __________.

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the biggest fool he knew

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Two students, Edward and Edwina, serve as subjects in a conditioning experiment. The CS is a buzzer; the US is a mild electric shock; the UR is a change in the electrical conductivity of their skin called the Galvanic Skin Response. Both subjects undergo 50 trials, but the experimenter feels sorry for Edwina so periodically he lets her off without a shock. The results will indicate that _______

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the CR is stronger in Edward

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In general, the more intense a US, the __________.

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faster conditioning proceeds

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If two stimuli are paired and then one becomes a CS, the other will become a CS more rapidly than it otherwise would have, a phenomenon called sensory ________.

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preconditioning

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Generally, the _____ (more/less) intense a stimulus, the faster conditioning occurs.

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more

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Of the following, the one that does not belong with the others is ________.

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higher-order conditioning

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The first conditioning trials are typically _____ (more/less) effective than later trials

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more

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__________ stimuli are typically events that are important to survival.

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Unconditional

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Braun and Geiselhart found that eyelid conditioning generally proceeded slowly with _______.

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older adults

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Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research on the ________.

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psychic reflex

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The experiment in which a dog learned to salivate at the sight of a black square after it had been paired with a CS for salivating is an example of _________ conditioning.

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higher-order

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The Rescorla-Wagner model has been very influential, but it does not explain inhibition.

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False

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The author of your text uses the terms unconditional reflex and conditional reflex, but he notes that most authors use the terms _______ and _______ reflexes.

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conditioned and unconditioned

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Oafish Bill (John's twin brother; see items above) has heard nothing of John's unfortunate encounter with Carole, and he decides to ask her out. Just as he approaches her she bursts into laughter, apparently in response to a joke someone just told. Bill immediately pops the question and she politely declines, having decided to join a convent at the end of the semester. A week later Bill bumps into Carole on campus but feels no particular embarrassment. The pairing of Bill's request for a date and Carole's laughter is most likely an example of ________.

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backward conditioning

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According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, blocking occurs because when the second (blocked) CS is presented, most of the learning that can occur has already been "used up" by the first CS.

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True

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John, "Mr. Anxiety," finally musters up the courage to ask the beautiful and popular Carole to go to the movies. She finds the idea so ridiculous that she laughs out loud the instant he has gotten the question out. John's face turns the color of a steamed lobster. In classical conditioning terms, John's experience is an example of ________.

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trace conditioning

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In the study by Thompson and Russell, there was a toy on a mat, but it was out of reach. Children learned to retrieve the toy by observing a model who pulled the mat closer.

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False

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The Herbert and Harsh study found that cats that had observed a model perform 30 times did no better than those that had observed a model perform 15 times.

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False

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A panel of experts reviewed studies on the influence of violence depicted on television and in films on the aggressive behavior of children. They found that the evidence for a causal connection between viewing such violence and aggressive behavior was _______.

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overwhelming

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The book, The Last Gentleman Adventurer, includes an anecdote that illustrates cross-species observational learning.

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True

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Videotapes of flossing monkeys suggest that mother monkeys attempt to teach their infants how to floss through modeling.

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True

question

In a study by Hopper and colleagues, some observers watched a model slide a door and retrieve a desired item. Other observers saw the door slide in the absence of a model, revealing the desired item. The latter procedure is called the __________ condition.

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ghost

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In Bandura's theory of observational learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model's behavior are called ________.

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retentional processes

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When researchers arrange for an event to occur in the absence of a model, this is called the _______ condition.

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ghost

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Research suggests that some students who do not naturally learn from a model can be taught the skills necessary to do so.

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True

question

The author of your text identifies two kinds of observational learning: _______ and _______.

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social and asocial

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Jill is an impressionable 17-year-old college freshman with average academic skills. She lives in the college dorms with two roommates. One of them, Martha, is bright, attractive, popular, rich, and a local celebrity because of her singing; she seldom studies. Jill's other roommate, Ann, is also bright, but has only a few friends, wears inexpensive clothes, and plays the tuba poorly; she studies all the time. On the basis of what you know about observational learning, you predict that Jill will ______.

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flunk out

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The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even when doing so is not reinforced is called _______.

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generalized imitation

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The first studies of observational learning ______.

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failed to find evidence of observational learning in animals

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Experiments on asocial observational learning raise the question of the extent to which the social variety is truly social.

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True

question

Research suggests that humans tend to imitate behavior that is irrelevant to obtaining reinforcers.

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True

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Judith Fisher and Mary Harris found that if a model wore an eye patch, observers learned _______.

answer

Psy 309 Final Exam – Ch. 1-13 – Flashcards

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