Human Learning Chapter 8 – Flashcards
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Which one of the following is the most accurate statement about how people perceive the world around them?
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People often fill in information that they do not actually sense.
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A teacher tells his class, "For tomorrow's class, read pages 23 to 49 in your geography book." Three of the following students are demonstrating the process of construction in their perceptions of what their teacher has said. Which student is not?
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Anthony doesn't hear what the teacher says because his mind is on something else.
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Maria moved to this country several months ago. She has been studying English as a second language but still has much to learn about the language of her new homeland. One day her teacher tells the class, "Bring an empty coffee can to school tomorrow for a project we're going to do." Maria hears only two familiar words—"coffee" and "school"—and guesses that her teacher is saying that students should not drink coffee at school. Maria's misinterpretation illustrates which one of the following?
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Construction in storage
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Of the following four teachers, which one is probably presenting an ambiguous stimulus to students?
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Mr. Benedict stares at a student without smiling.
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In an early investigation of memory, Frederic Bartlett asked students to read a story called The War of the Ghosts and then on later occasions asked them to recall the story. Bartlett made a number of observations about how students' recollections of the story were different from the story itself. Which of the following was not one of his observations?
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Students retold the story in a way that made little sense.
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Nicole learns the formula "E = mc2" by repeating it to herself over and over again. Which one of the following processes is Nicole most clearly demonstrating?
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rehearsal
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To learn how to spell rhinoceros, Paula repeats the letters of the word over and over again without really thinking about what she is saying. Considering research findings about the effectiveness of rehearsal, we can predict that Paula's strategy will be:
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Relatively ineffective
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Travis realizes that the year World War II ended—1945—is the same year that his grandfather was born. Which one of the following processes is Travis most clearly demonstrating?
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meaningful learning
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Considering research described in the textbook regarding meaningful learning, which one of the following students is most likely to remember what the word effervescent means?
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Betty thinks, "The word describes me...I have a bubbly personality."
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To help herself learn the early explorers of the New World, Jessica makes a chart that lists the Spanish explorers together, the Portuguese explorers together, the French explorers together, and so on. Which one of the following processes is Jessica most clearly demonstrating?
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internal organization
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Jeff wants to remember the twelve signs of the zodiac: Aries (ram), Taurus (bull), Gemini (twins), Cancer (crab), Leo (lion), Virgo (virgin), Libra (balance), Scorpio (scorpion), Sagittarius (archer), Capricorn (goat), Aquarius (water carrier), and Pisces (fish). He does not necessarily want to remember them in any particular order. Considering research results described in the textbook, which one of the following techniques will maximize Jeff's chances of remembering all twelve?
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Organize the signs into three groups: people, animals, and things.
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Tyler learns that Christopher Columbus's first voyage across the Atlantic was financed by Queen Isabella of Spain. He thinks to himself, "She probably thought she would make a profit on her investment." When he stops to consider the queen's motives, Tyler is demonstrating which one of the following processes?
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elaboration
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To pass the time one day, Keisha multiplies 2 by 2 by 2 by 2 ... and so on, on her calculator. She observes that the products increase in size more dramatically with each calculation. A few weeks later, when her math teacher explains what it means for something to increase exponentially, Keisha realizes that she has already discovered this idea on her own, and she remembers it better as a result. Which one of the following concepts best characterizes Keisha's enhanced understanding of an exponential increase?
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The generation effect
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A biology teacher wants students to remember the various components of a cell (nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane). Considering what research tells us about long-term memory storage, the teacher would be well advised to help students encode information about the cell:
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In both visual and verbal forms, because multiple forms of encoding increase the likelihood of retrieval
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The four students described below are using visual imagery to try to remember information. Considering what theorists and researchers say about the strengths and weaknesses of visual imagery, only one student is likely to remember this information accurately. Which one?
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Cora studies 30 pictures at an art museum. The following day she is asked to identify them from among 60 pictures.
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Which one of the following statements best describes how learners are apt to acquire procedural knowledge?
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In some cases, learners first learn it as declarative knowledge; with time and practice, it gradually becomes procedural knowledge.
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According to the textbook, we will form a connection between a new piece of information and something we already know only if:
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Both things are in working memory at the same time.
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Ms. Trinh is about to start a unit on sharks. Some of her students have a strong interest in sharks and know a lot about them. Others know very little about sharks. When Ms. Trinh gives a reading assignment about sharks, she should expect that:
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Students with more background knowledge will understand the reading material more readily than their classmates.
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Generally speaking, adults learn and remember more easily than children do. The reverse is true, however, when the children:
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Initially know more about the topic being studied than the adults do
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Generally speaking, elaboration helps students learn new information. An exception to this rule is when students elaborate on this information:
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Using previously stored erroneous information
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A student reads the statement, "To be or not to be, that is the quastion," and fails to notice the typographical error in the word question. This proofreading error can best be explained by considering the role of _________ in long-term memory storage.
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expectations
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Which one of the following most accurately describes the difference between skilled readers and beginning readers in terms of their attention to what they read?
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Skilled readers probably attend to fewer letters and words than beginning readers.
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Which one of the following teachers provides the best example of the halo effect?
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Mr. Cordell overrates Cathy's gymnastic skills because she is head cheerleader.
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After his class returns from a field trip to the local historical museum, Mr. Cordova asks his students to write an essay describing the things they learned at the museum. Considering factors that influence memory storage, which one of the following effects should writing the essay have on what the students will later remember about the field trip?
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They will remember the trip better than if they had not written about it.
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A physics teacher asks her students to draw a picture to illustrate the forces at work when someone throws a ball into the air. This strategy should do two things to help students remember the forces involved. In particular, it should encourage students to engage in both:
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enactment and visual imagery
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Morris is taking an introductory Russian course. In the early weeks of the course, he studies new Russian vocabulary words 10 times each, all in the same evening. Later on, he discovers that he can remember Russian words better over the long run if he studies them twice in an evening for five evenings in a row. Morris has discovered:
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the spacing effect
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Occasional review of previously learned material helps our memory for that material by:
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increasing associations with other things we know
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Which one of the following is the best example of controlled processing?
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A teenager learning to drive
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Which one of the following students is definitely demonstrating automaticity in word recognition?
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When Kristen reads, she recognizes words by sight and recalls their meanings instantaneously.
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An advantage of knowing some skills to a level of automaticity is that automaticity:
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Lessens the working memory load for a task involving those skills
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Successful retrieval of information from long-term memory depends on three of the following factors. On which one does retrieval not depend?
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The duration of working memory
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Maria is listening to her teacher talk about how rainy weather develops. Maria thinks, "Rain ... hmm, it's supposed to rain tomorrow ... I wonder where I left my umbrella ... I think I took it to the library yesterday ... I'll bet that's where I left my notebook, too." Maria's thoughts illustrate:
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spreading activation
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Albert grew up in Germany but now lives in England. He recalls more about his childhood in Germany when he's speaking in German than when he's speaking in English. Which one of the following concepts best explains this fact?
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encoding specificity
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Lucy sees a boy who looks very familiar to her, but she can't remember who he is. Then the boy says something with a thick French accent, and Lucy suddenly realizes that he is the foreign exchange student from France. In this situation, the boy's French accent helps Lucy remember by:
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Providing a retrieval cue
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Randall is trying to remember how to spell the word separate. He retrieves the first three letters (S E P) and the last four (R A T E) and assumes that the fourth letter must be E because he usually pronounces the word like this: "SEP-ER-ATE." Randall's process of remembering how to spell the word (in this case, incorrectly) illustrates the use of:
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construction in retrieval
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Which one of the following is the best example of a flashbulb memory?
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Remembering exactly what you were doing when you heard very upsetting news
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William is shopping at a convenience store when a man rushes in, shoots the store clerk in the arm, hurriedly cleans out the cash register, and then speeds away in a pickup truck. Later, a detective asks William to describe the woman who was waiting for the thief in the truck. The fact is, William didn't see a woman in the truck, but after the detective urges him to "think hard and try to remember her," he begins to recall seeing a blonde woman sitting in the passenger side of the truck. This situation illustrates:
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the misinformation effect
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Occasionally people have false memories, "recalling" events that never actually happened. Three of the following false memories are consistent with research findings regarding when false memories are likely to form. Which one is inconsistent with research findings?
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Eighteen-year-old Mark recalls attending a Jewish Bar Mitzvah when he was 13, even though he isn't Jewish and doesn't have any friends who are Jewish.
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When Gianna returns to college after a summer touring France, she tells her roommate about her many experiences. She does not always remember them accurately, however, so she fills in the gaps in her memory with logical details about how things "must" have happened. Several weeks later, she is telling another friend about her trip. Gianna will probably:
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Remember her experiences in France as occurring in essentially the way that she previously described them to her roommate
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Richard is studying both French and Spanish. In the same week he learns that the French word for "mother" is mère and that the Spanish word for "mother" is madre. One day his French teacher asks Richard, "Who is married to your father?" and Richard erroneously answers, "Madre." Richard's memory error can best be explained in terms of:
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interference
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What device did Benjamin Franklin invent to help people read better? It may take you a long time to think of the answer—bifocal lenses—because Ben was responsible for so many other inventions as well. In this situation, your lengthy retrieval time can best be explained in terms of:
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the fan effect
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After meeting a new neighbor, Shandra mistakenly calls him "David" on several occasions. Eventually the neighbor kindly corrects her, saying, "My name is actually Darren." After that, Shandra correctly calls the man "Darren," but initially she has to work hard not to call him "David" instead. Which one of the following concepts best characterizes the change in Shandra's memory?
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retrieval-induced forgetting
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Robert does not recognize the police officer that came to the door last month to tell him that his dog had been killed by a car. Robert's lapse of memory can probably best be explained in terms of:
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repression
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Jenny is taking a quiz, which asks for the chemical symbols of 20 elements. She remembers 19 of them but cannot remember the symbol for mercury. As she walks home from school, she suddenly remembers that the symbol for mercury is Hg. Jenny's memory problem during the quiz can best be explained in terms of:
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failure to retrieve
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Which one of the following examples best illustrates a problem with prospective memory?
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Marcus forgets to keep the appointment he made with his teacher after school.
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To remind her 6-year-old son Steven to bring his umbrella home from school, a mother pins a piece of paper with a picture of an umbrella to Steven's jacket collar. Steven's mother is helping him remember the umbrella through the use of:
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an external retrieval cue
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Nora was thinking about something else the day her teacher explained the difference between the words between and among, so she has trouble using these two prepositions correctly. Nora's problem "remembering" the difference between the words can probably best be explained as:
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failure to store
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Psychologists have offered three of the following as possible explanations for the phenomenon of infantile amnesia. Which one have they not suggested?
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Most of what infants learn takes the form of implicit rather than explicit knowledge.
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Ms. Iwata has a long-term goal for her science students—to consider what they have learned about science as they deal with issues and problems in their daily lives. Which one of the following teaching strategies will best help her students retrieve relevant scientific principles in situations where the principles might be applied?
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Associate those principles with as many real-life situations as possible.
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The textbook distinguishes between teacher-directed and learner-directed forms of instruction. Which one of the following best describes how teachers should view these two approaches?
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Either approach can be effective only to the extent that it promotes effective storage and retrieval processes.
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Which one of the following statements best illustrates prior knowledge activation in a geometry lesson?
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"Calculating the volume of a sphere is similar to a procedure you learned last month—calculating the area of a circle."
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Three of these teachers will probably promote meaningful learning in their students. Which one is unlikely to do so?
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Mr. Warner encourages his third graders to practice their cursive letters at least once every day.
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Three of the following statements are examples of possible advance organizers for a geometry lesson. Which statement is not an advance organizer as the term is typically defined?
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"Okay, class, it's time to put your reading assignment away so that we can begin today's geometry lesson."
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One of the history teachers below is violating a principle recommended for promoting long-term memory storage during instruction. Which teacher is doing so?
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Ms. DeLuca talks in a relaxed conversational style, describing different battles of World War II as they come to mind.
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Which one of the following best illustrates the use of a concept map?
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Mr. Alexander puts the words force, gravity, velocity, acceleration, and time on the chalkboard; she then draws lines between pairs of related words and describes the relationships.
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A teacher who wants students to elaborate on the material they are studying would be well advised to:
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ask higher-level questions.
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In a science lesson on heat, Ms. Jones explains that heat is the result of molecules moving back and forth very quickly and that gases are heated more quickly than liquids. The following day, she asks her class the following four questions. Which one is a higher-level question?
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"Why is it cooler near the ocean on a hot summer day?"
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Which one of the following statements describes wait time and its effect on learning?
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When teachers allow students more time to respond to a question, students are more likely to answer the question, and often with a more complex response.
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Mr. Gaydos wants to teach a group of people how to perform the Heimlich maneuver. Three of the following strategies should help his students learn the maneuver more effectively. Given what we know about teaching procedural knowledge, which strategy is least likely to be effective in helping students learn the procedure correctly?
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Mr. Gaydos encourages his students to talk themselves through the procedure as they perform it.
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Three of the following teachers are using strategies that should help students effectively learn and remember information. Which one is not necessarily promoting effective cognitive processing?
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Ms. Bertinelli has students repeat definitions of new vocabulary words out loud.
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A revision of Bloom's taxonomy published in 2001 (described in the textbook) can help teachers consider not only the various types of cognitive processes that should be encouraged but also the:
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Types of knowledge to which those processes might be applied
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Which one of the following is least likely to be a good predictor of how well a person will remember a piece of information a year or two after learning it?
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The speed with which the person learned it in the first place
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As a teacher, you want your students to use effective information processing strategies as they study classroom subject matter. You consider research about the effects of classroom assessment tasks on learning, and you conclude that you should:
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Give assessment tasks that require meaningful understanding of the material.
