Question 1

Research suggests that once people learn something

Accepted Answer

it is present somewhere in memory in physical form.

Question 2

In defining learning, _____ refers to the fact that when people learn anything, a part of their brain is physically changed to record what they have learned, and that change remains even if the behavior does not.

Accepted Answer

relatively permanent

Question 3

According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner must first

Accepted Answer

pay attention

Question 4

Noah is a junior in college and has always been an average student. This semester, he has a political science class for which he feels very passionate, and he sees himself pursuing a career in politics. For the first time, he wants to do well so that he can get an \"A.\" This is an example of which element of observational learning?

Accepted Answer

desire

Question 5

Bandura concluded that there were _____ elements of observational learning.

Accepted Answer

four

Question 6

Bandura conducted some of his research to study

Accepted Answer

possible links between children\'s exposure to violence on television and aggressive behavior toward others.

Question 7

If your professor gives pop quizzes, this is an example of

Accepted Answer

a variable interval schedule of reinforcement.

Question 8

Fishing is an example of an activity with a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

variable interval

Question 9

Pavlov\'s dogs exhibited stimulus discrimination when they

Accepted Answer

did not demonstrate a conditioned response upon hearing ticking sounds similar to the metronome.

Question 10

Seligman connects learned helplessness to

Accepted Answer

depression

Question 11

The mental events that take place inside a person\'s mind while behaving are known as

Accepted Answer

cognition

Question 12

Early memories before the age of two years tend to be implicit, which may explain

Accepted Answer

infantile amnesia.

Question 13

Anterograde amnesia can be caused by

Accepted Answer

a concusion

Question 14

George Miller concluded that the capacity of short-term memory is

Accepted Answer

from five to nine pieces of information.

Question 15

An example of an episodic memory would be

Accepted Answer

a special gift you received on your 13th birthday.

Question 16

The idea that memory formation is a simultaneous process is reflected in the _____ model.

Accepted Answer

parallel distributed processing

Question 17

On the first day of school, all of the students in Ms. Randall\'s class shared with her their names. Ms. Randall\'s students were engaging in the process of

Accepted Answer

encoding

Question 18

In his 1932 book, Sir Frederic Bartlett wrote that he viewed memory

Accepted Answer

as a problem solving activity

Question 19

Chris learns her vocabulary words while listening to upbeat, happy music, and is then better able to remember them later if she is happy. This is called

Accepted Answer

state dependent learning

Question 20

Carl is able to remember the names of the first three presidents before he begins to have difficulty. This is

Accepted Answer

the primacy effect

Question 21

Marcia dated Davio for several years. They recently broke up and Marcia went out on a date with a man named Oliver. While on the date, Marcia mistakenly called him Davio. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

proactive interference

Question 22

Ebbinghaus found that forgetting

Accepted Answer

is greatest just after learning

Question 23

Long-term memories may be inaccessible because

Accepted Answer

of interference

Question 24

Kayla fell and broke her arm at the age of two, but when asked if she remembers, she notes that she has no recollection of the incident. Kayla\'s inability to recall the event might be best explained as

Accepted Answer

infantile amnesia

Question 25

Manny was talking to his friend as he was walking out the door. A few minutes later, Manny asked his friend about the conversation they had few minutes earlier while walking out the door. Because his friend was not paying attention to him, he could not recall what Manny had said. Manny\'s friend experienced

Accepted Answer

encoding failure

Question 26

What is one thing consciousness contributes in our everyday lives?

Accepted Answer

Guides our behavior

Question 27

In what state of consciousness are our thoughts and feelings most organized and clear?

Accepted Answer

Waking consciousness

Question 28

We enter an altered state of consciousness every time we ____________.

Accepted Answer

go to sleep

Question 29

________________ is the aspect of consciousness that allows us to analyze what we\'re thinking and why.

Accepted Answer

Self-awareness

Question 30

When we divide our conscious awareness, say by _________________, our thoughts can become fuzzy and disorganized.

Accepted Answer

texting while driving

Question 31

What does it mean to \"pull an all-nighter\"?

Accepted Answer

stay up all night studying

Question 32

Our ability to learn and form memories is greatly inhibited by

Accepted Answer

Sleep deprivation de

Question 33

When we are tired, our ability to __________ is seriously impaired.

Accepted Answer

focus

Question 34

According to studies conducted at Harvard Medical School and Trent University, students who were well rested consistently showed marked improvement in ____________ over students who were sleep deprived.

Accepted Answer

learning a new skill

Question 35

In a study on sleep deprivation, Dr. Smith of Trent University in Canada found that college students who stayed out late partying on a Friday night _______________.

Accepted Answer

lost 30% of the information they learned in classes just two days earlier

Question 36

In the context of a classical conditioning experiment, when a dog salivates as he eats his food, the food is considered the ____________.

Accepted Answer

unconditioned stimulus

Question 37

In the context of a classical conditioning experiment, when a dog salivates as he eats his food, the dog\'s salivation is called the ___________.

Accepted Answer

unconditioned

Question 38

If researchers are looking to create a conditioned response, what is one thing that must occur to make that happen?

Accepted Answer

repetition

Question 39

Which scientist is associated with discovering the classically conditioned response?

Accepted Answer

Pavlov

Question 40

How can classical conditioning play a role in panic disorder?

Accepted Answer

If the sufferer typically fears they are dying during panic attacks, they may learn to fear they are dying every time their heart rate rises, whether the increased heart rate is due to a panic attack or normal activities.

Question 41

An example of positive reinforcement would be _____________.

Accepted Answer

receiving a treat for good behavior

Question 42

An example of negative punishment would be ______________.

Accepted Answer

being grounded

Question 43

Which of the following increases the probability of a behavior recurring?

Accepted Answer

reinforcement

Question 44

______________ is learning behaviors through successive approximations of desired behaviors in response to consequences.

Accepted Answer

shaping

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of fixed interval reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

receiving a paycheck every two weeks

Question 46

True or False: Selective attention involves being able to focus on multiple stimuli at the same time.

Accepted Answer

false

Question 47

True or False: Selective attention is required when performing tasks like taking notes or taking a test.

Accepted Answer

true

Question 48

The competing stimuli in this experiment were

Accepted Answer

People playing with a basketball and hands clapping.

Question 49

Which brain parts have been associated with changes in attention?

Accepted Answer

brainstem  reticular formation  frontal lobe

Question 50

The memory phase that is limited to 7Â±2 items is

Accepted Answer

working memory

Question 51

Which method of presenting stimuli would produce memory for the largest number of items?

Accepted Answer

Random numbers presented in groups of three

Question 52

True or False: Encoding is what moves a memory trace from sensory memory into working memory.

Accepted Answer

false

Question 53

The first two experiments in this simulation compared what two conditions?

Accepted Answer

One-at-a-time presentation versus grouped (chunked) presentation

Question 54

True or False: The working memory digit span is limited to 7Â±2 items of information and this limitation cannot be overcome.

Accepted Answer

false

Question 55

In a bar graph of results that show the serial position effect, you would expect the tallest bars (highest recall) to be for items

Accepted Answer

at the beginning and end of a list

Question 56

The Primacy Effect refers to the fact that we have better memory for the first few items than the middle items.

Accepted Answer

true

Question 57

What is the name of the effect whereby the last few items are more likely to be recalled than the middle items?

Accepted Answer

the recency effect

Question 58

Which of the following was not given as a reason for the serial position effect?

Accepted Answer

Items at the end of the list have no proactive interference from previous items, so they are more easily recalled.

Question 59

True or False: The occurrence of the serial position effect is limited to human verbal memorization.

Accepted Answer

false

Question 60

_____ reinforcement is more resistant to extinction than _____ reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

partial; continuous

Question 61

Aida loves to sing for her family and friends but is extremely shy. In order to encourage her to sing again, which of the following is a primary reinforcement that Aida\'s mom might use?

Accepted Answer

Promise her an ice cream cone when she sings.

Question 62

If your professor gives pop quizzes, this is an example of

Accepted Answer

a variable interval schedule of reinforcement.

Question 63

Tamar just cannot seem to get away from the slot machines. She has no idea how many times she has to pull the levers to win money, but she is aware that at some point, she is likely to win. What schedule of reinforcement is being used in this example?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 64

Which of the following individuals believed that cognition was an important part of behavior?

Accepted Answer

Martin Seligman

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