question

According to Freud, the development of the anal stage occurs between what ages in children?

answer

1-3

question

The authors of your text describe the period of early childhood in terms of ______________________

answer

stepping out phase

question

Freud's view of children's development during the preschool years focuses on which two stages?

answer

anal stage and phallic stage

question

According to Erikson, a preschooler's development is centered on ___

answer

growing physical, cognitive, and social skills

question

The preschool years, from age two to age six, include which two of Erikson's stages of development?

answer

autonomy vs shame and doubt initiative vs guilt

question

Which abilities initiates the Eriksonian crisis of initiative versus guilt?

answer

ability to plan

question

What is a central theme that emerges from both Freud's and Erikson's view of development during the preschool period?

answer

bodily control and parental relationships

question

Children who are able to classify other people into groups such as "people who are nice" and "people who are mean" are demonstrating ___________

answer

person perception

question

On which two factors do young children rely as they categorize or classify other people?

answer

observable characteristics and most recent interactions

question

According to your text, individuals are more likely to remember faces of people of their own race than those of a different race. This demonstrates ____________

answer

cross race effect

question

By what age do children generally believe that it is more wrong for a child to hit another person than to forget to say "please"?

answer

between 2 and 3

question

Give an example of a social convention.

answer

where to place silverwear

question

What best summarizes young children's understanding of intentions?

answer

they know they will be in more trouble if they meant it

question

According to Li-Grining, how do children learn impulse control?

answer

gain experience, trial and error

question

Jamie is a difficult child. His parents have finally given up on trying to control his impulsive behaviors. How is this likely to influence Jamie's social relationships?

answer

problems with social relationships and cognitive deficits

question

n early childhood, what characterizes the development of the emotional self?

answer

The ability to make themselves happy and the beginning of empathy

question

What is the term that describes a child's ability to cheer themselves up when they are sad or calm themselves when they are angry?

answer

emotional regulation

question

As the categorical self and the emotional self mature, what new component of self-concept is likely to develop?

answer

social self

question

What is Hoffman's first stage of empathy development, which is characterized by an infant matching the strong emotion of another?

answer

global empathy

question

Sam saw that his mother was upset. He toddled over to her and tried to hand her his bottle, as if to comfort her. Hoffman would say that Sam is demonstrating ________

answer

egocentric empathy

question

Amy feels sad whenever she sees homeless people. She worries that they are cold at night and may not have enough to eat. Hoffman would suggest that Amy is exhibiting ________

answer

empathy

question

Describes egocentric empathy.

answer

children try to cure someone's distress with what they would find most comforting.

question

Guilt, shame, and pride are all examples of __________

answer

moral emotions

question

According to Koenig, Cicchetti & Rogosch (2004), what is likely to happen to a child who does not have a warm trusting relationship with their parents?

answer

failing to develop moral emotions

question

Jack and Keri are playing school. Jack is pretending to be the teacher and Keri is pretending to be the student. Keri is well behaved as a "student" and answers questions appropriately when Jack asks them. Keris behavior is an example of __________________

answer

social self and social scripts

question

According to Freud, which of the following plays a key role in children's development of a gender role concept and a sex role?

answer

process of identification

question

"The psychological and social associates and implications of biological sex" defines __________

answer

gender

question

When 4-year-old Mary thinks of activities, behaviors, or personal characteristics as being "for mommy" or "for daddy," she is using __________________

answer

gender scheming theory

question

Gender schema theory grew out of ______________________________ perspectives?

answer

information processing

question

Sharon labels boys and girls according to their hair style and the types of clothes they wear. Sharon has not yet developed __________________

answer

gender schema

question

Tim tells his mother that he will always be a boy and can never be a girl. This is an illustration of Tim's grasp of what principle?

answer

gender consistency

question

According to gender schema theory, what will be true of a 5 or 6 year-old child?

answer

they develop a rule of "what people like me do" and it is absolute

question

By what age does a child's gender identity develop?

answer

2-3

question

A child's ability to label his or her own sex correctly and to identify other people as men or women is called __________?

answer

gender identity

question

If Matthew understands gender stability, what will he likely assume?

answer

gender is stable and lifelong

question

Explain the biological influence on the psychological differences between males and females.

answer

testosterone

question

Multicultural studies have found similar gender stereotypes across cultures. What is a common gender stereotype for men?

answer

competence

question

Multicultural studies have found similar gender stereotypes across cultures. What is a common gender stereotype for women?

answer

soft heartedness

question

By what age do children know that gender is permanent and look for roles as to how males and females should behave?

answer

5-6

question

W is a style of communicating that usually involves girls using suggestions, support, and agreement between themselves?

answer

enabling style

question

The constricting, or restrictive, pattern of interacting with playmates

answer

boys are more likely to show restrictive or constricting style

question

Describe cross-gender behavior in childhood.

answer

tomboy, a-typical, boys with dolls

question

What terms is used to describe behavior that is not typical of one's own gender?

answer

cross gender

question

D attachment relationships of children in early childhood.

answer

age 2- attachment is less visible age 3- able to wander farther without distress

question

What is the best description of Bowlby's goal-corrected partnership?

answer

relationship continues even when parent leaves

question

Give an example of the typical pattern of obedience to parents' wishes for a two-year-old.

answer

parent says don't touch that, and child steps away

question

Define the term parenting styles.

answer

characteristics strategies that parents use to manage behavior

question

What is one of the dimensions of family functioning conceptualized by Diana Baumrind in her study of parenting styles?

answer

warmth and nuturence, clarity, level of expectation, and communication between parent and child

question

The parenting style that is high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication is _____

answer

permissive parenting

question

According to research, which parental characteristic is most consistently related to children's secure attachments, altruistic and empathetic behaviors, and school achievements?

answer

authoritative

question

Children with parents who have high maturity demands tend to exhibit __________________ personality traits?

answer

high self esteem

question

Authoritarian and authoritative parents would vary most widely on which of dimensions of parenting?

answer

nourishing and responding to child's needs

question

Which parenting style has the most consistently positive outcomes?

answer

authoritative

question

Six-year-old Ty asks his mother if he can stay up until 9 p.m. on Friday night to watch a special educational TV program. His mother says, "We'll try it this once to see how it goes." What is Ty's mother's parenting style?

answer

authoritative

question

Matt rarely turns in his school work and does not seem concerned when he gets bad grades. His parents seem to love him and they give him pretty much whatever he asks for and believe that most parents are too strict. When he was in trouble at school, Matt's parents minimized the teacher's concerns as silly and did not punish Will. Which parenting style would you say best describes Matt's parents?

answer

permissive

question

Which parenting style is associated with the most socially competent children?

answer

authoritative

question

When a child misbehaves and the parent responds by sticking to their rules, but does not assert unnecessary power over the child, which parenting style is being used?

answer

authoritative

question

What might contribute to neglecting or uninvolved parenting?

answer

mother may be depressed or distracted by other activities

question

hat is the best example of inductive discipline?

answer

parents explain why thing is wrong

question

Children who have difficult temperaments and enjoy risk-taking will likely respond best to which type of discipline?

answer

authoritarian

question

What is a negative consequence of spanking as a form of discipline?

answer

models pain as a way of getting what you want. Results in higher aggression

question

Under which circumstances might spanking be used as effective punishment?

answer

sparingly

question

In a study of how ethnicity and socioeconomic status interact with parenting styles, researchers found that which parenting style was linked to positive outcomes for African American and Asian American adolescents?

answer

authoritarian

question

What is the most likely reason that African American and Asian American families use an authoritarian parenting style with their children?

answer

living in a different environment, living with racism, and it increases success

question

In the United States, approximately how many children live with both of their biological or adoptive parents?

answer

60%

question

Your text reports that as of the year 2007, what percentage of children in the United States were living in two-parent homes?

answer

70%

question

Beginning in the 1990s, which group experienced the most rapid growth in single motherhood?

answer

middle class professional women

question

Describe family structure and ethnicity

answer

single parents more common to native americans african americans are less likely to get married single mom births increase in all cultures

question

Children of gay or lesbian parents are ____________

answer

more unsure about sexual future

question

What changes in children would one expect to see in the first few years after divorce?

answer

decline in school, show bad behavior, aggression

question

What is perhaps the most important factor that negatively affects children after a divorce?

answer

shift away from authoritative parenting

question

Bill borrowed a crayon from Bob. Both boys are coloring in separate coloring books. In what type of play are the boys engaging?

answer

parallel or associative

question

Give a descriptive characteristic of 3-year-old boys who, according to some studies, have poor social relationships.

answer

aggressive and rejected by peers

question

When four-year-old Candy wants an item or an activity, she will attack her parents with her fists until they laughingly and protestingly give her what she wants. Her parents' decision to give into Candy's demands in this fashion

answer

reinforces the aggression

question

Which parental behaviors is linked to higher rates of altruistic or prosocial behavior in their children?

answer

parents that make a warm loving environment and make clear rules

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