Intro to Psychology Chapter6 – Flashcards
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A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is a a) positive reinforcer. b) negative reinforcer. c) positive punishment. d) negative punishment.
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c) positive punishment.
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Psychologists define learning as the process of a) adapting to the environment. b) responding to external stimuli. c) reinforcing behavioral responses. d) acquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.
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d) acquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.
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Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle. The sound is a(n) a) conditioned reinforcer. b) spontaneous recovery. c) operant chamber. d) stimulus.
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d) stimulus.
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Rats that learn that the rattling sound of food pellets in the food container illustrate a) shaping. b) extrinsic motivation. c) classical conditioning. d) observational learning.
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c) classical conditioning.
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Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying a) intrinsic motivation. b) respondent behavior. c) spontaneous recovery. d) operant conditioning.
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d) operant conditioning.
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The acquisition of mental information by observing events, by watching others, or through exposure to language is called a) classical conditioning. b) cognitive learning. c) partial reinforcement. d) shaping.
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b) cognitive learning.
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After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first chimp opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates a) shaping. b) spontaneous recovery. c) respondent behavior. d) observational learning.
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d) observational learning.
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Before Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone, the tone was a(n) a) secondary reinforcer. b) unconditioned stimulus. c) partial reinforcer. d) neutral stimulus.
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d) neutral stimulus.
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Which of the following is an unconditioned response? a) playing jump rope b) running through a maze to get a food reward c) sweating in hot weather d) clapping after a thrilling concert performance
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c) sweating in hot weather
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In Pavlov's experiments, after pairing with the presentation of food, the sound of the tone triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the sound of the tone was a(n) a) conditioned response. b) unconditioned response. c) unconditioned stimulus. d) conditioned stimulus.
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a) conditioned response.
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A dog salivates to the sound of a tone because the tone has regularly been associated with the delivery of food. In this case, the tone is called a(n) a) unconditioned stimulus. b) primary reinforcer. c) conditioned stimulus. d) immediate reinforcer.
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c) conditioned stimulus.
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In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a ________ after it reliably signals the occurrence of the ________. a) US; CS b) UR; CR c) CS; US d) CR; UR
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c) CS; US
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Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. Today she can again fly without distress. This indicates that her fear has undergone a) spontaneous recovery. b) extinction. c) generalization. d) positive reinforcement.
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b) extinction.
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Spontaneous recovery refers to a) learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of lack of incentive. b) an organism's tendency to respond spontaneously to stimuli similar to the CS as though they were the CS. c) return of a response after punishment has been terminated. d) reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
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d) reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
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In classical conditioning, generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the a) unconditioned stimulus. b) primary reinforcer. c) conditioned stimulus. d) conditioned reinforcer.
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c) conditioned stimulus.
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The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called a) acquisition. b) discrimination. c) generalization. d) latent learning.
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b) discrimination.
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After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of a) secondary reinforcement. b) generalization. c) shaping. d) spontaneous recovery.
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b) generalization.
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Blan's thumbsucking has become a habit because it reduces her anxiety. This best illustrates the process of a) generalization. b) classical conditioning. c) latent learning. d) operant conditioning.
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d) operant conditioning.
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A Skinner box is a(n) a) aversive or punishing event that decreases the behavior it follows. b) "slot machine" used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human gambling practices. c) chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward. d) television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning.
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c) chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.
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An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n) a) conditioned stimulus. b) unconditioned stimulus. c) reinforcement. d) operant behavior.
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c) reinforcement.
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Shaping is a procedure in which reinforcers are a) designed to be vicariously experienced. b) gradually increased to prevent a loss of intrinsic motivation. c) used to guide actions closer and closer to a desired behavior. d) given on a variable-ratio schedule to enhance extrinsic motivation.
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c) used to guide actions closer and closer to a desired behavior.
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Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n) a) positive reinforcer. b) unconditioned response. c) conditioned response. d) negative reinforcer.
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a) positive reinforcer.
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Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer. a) positive b) negative c) conditioned d) partial
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b) negative
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The taste of food and relief from a headache are both ________ reinforcers. a) positive b) negative c) primary d) conditioned
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c) primary
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Some students study hard beginning with the first couple of weeks of a semester because they subsequently receive very good final course grades. This best illustrates that human behavior is influenced by a) classical conditioning. b) primary reinforcers. c) latent learning. d) delayed reinforcers.
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d) delayed reinforcers.
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A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of a) continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement. b)primary reinforcement followed by secondary reinforcement. c) partial reinforcement followed by continuous reinforcement. d) secondary reinforcement followed by primary reinforcement.
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a) continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement.
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The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates a) spontaneous recovery. b) partial reinforcement. c) generalization. d) shaping.
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b) partial reinforcement.
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On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule. a) fixed-interval b) fixed-ratio c) variable-interval d) variable-ratio
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c) variable-interval
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Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement. a) fixed-ratio b) fixed-interval c) variable-interval d) variable-ratio
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a) fixed-ratio
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Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of a) associative learning. b) respondent behavior. c) observational learning. d) intrinsic motivation.
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a) associative learning.
