Unit 7B Terms – Flashcards
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Refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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Cognition
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Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, and people
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Concepts
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A mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we associate with a category
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Prototype
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Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution
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Algorithms
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A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
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Heuristic
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A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
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Insight
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The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
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Creativity
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A well-developed base of knowledge that furnishes the ideas, images, and phrases we use as mental building blocks
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Expertise
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Provide the ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, and to make connections
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Imaginative thinking skills
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Seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risk, and perseveres in overcoming obstacles
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Venturesome personality
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Being driven more by interest, satisfaction, and challenge than by external pressures
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Intrinsic motivation
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Sparks, supports, and refines creative ideas
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Creative environment
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A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
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Confirmation bias
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The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set
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Fixation
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A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
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Mental set
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Put new info into an existing category
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Assimilation
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Change or adapt a category to suit the new info
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Accommodation
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The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
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Functional fixedness
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Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
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Representativeness heuristic
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Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
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Availability heuristic
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The tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
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Overconfidence
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Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
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Belief perseverance
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An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
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Intuition
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The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
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Framing
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Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
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Language
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The smallest distinctive sound unit
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Phoneme
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The smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word
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Morpheme
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A system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
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Grammar
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The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language (also the study of meaning)
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Semantics
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The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given languge
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Syntax
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The stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
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Babbling stage
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Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs
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Telegraphic speech
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Arriving at the answer after stepping away from it
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Incubation effect
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Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
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Linguistic determinism
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Breaking the problem down into parts and then dealing with each part individually
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Working backward
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The components of creativity include
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Expertise and a venturesome personality
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Unlike the use of algorithms or heuristics, insight does not involve
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Strategy-based solutions
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Noam Chomsky argues that children's readiness to learn language is a(n)
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Biological predisposition
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Which of the following best illustrates psychology's current understanding of the relationship between language and thinking?
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Thinking affects language, which then affects our thoughts
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Students routinely underestimate how much time it will take them to complete assigned course projects. This best illustrates the impact of
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Overconfidence
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Some people are unable to arrange 6 matches to form 4 equilateral triangles because they fail to consider a three-dimensional arrangement. This best illustrates the effects of
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Fixation
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The tendency to conclude that a person who likes to read poetry is more likely to be a college professor of classics than a truck driver illustrates the use of
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The representativeness heuristic
