Exam 5 psychology practice – Flashcards
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Noah is a junior in college and has always been an average student. This semester, he has a political science class for which he feels very passionate, and he sees himself pursuing a career in politics. For the first time, he wants to do well so that he can get an "A." This is an example of which element of observational learning?
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desire
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Bandura found that consequences:
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do matter in motivating a person to imitate a model
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In Tolman's maze-running rats experiment, it was discovered that learning could happen without reinforcement, and then later affect behavior. Tolman referred to this change in behavior as ______.
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latent learning
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Bandura conducted some of his research to study:
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possible links between children's exposure to violence on television and aggressive behavior toward others
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Sammy and his friends are watching animated fight scenes on television. Based on Bandura's findings in the Bobo doll experiment, it seems likely that later, at play, Sammy and his friends will:
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imitate many of the violent actions they witnessed on TV.
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While in the store with her little sister, Amber decided to stop to take a look at some jewelry. As soon as she turned her head, her sister disappeared. Though it only took minutes to find her sister, Amber's fear of losing her little sister again caused her to keep a very close eye on her from that moment on. Amber's change in behavior demonstrates which of the following?
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learning
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In defining learning, "_____" refers to the fact that when people learn anything, a part of their brain is physically changed to record what they have learned, and that change remains even if the behavior does not.
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relatively permanent
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Research suggests that once people learn something:
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it is always present somewhere in memory.
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The central idea of toilet training a cat is breaking down the process into a series of small stages. This is an example of:
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shaping
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Tolman and Köhler were:
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gestalt psychologists
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Köhler determined that insight:
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cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone.
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Köhler's idea of animal insight was controversial because:
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other reseachers, like Thorndike, did not believe that animals demonstrated that trait
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For each day of the week that Tanya is good, she earns a fake dollar from her teacher. By the end of every week, Tanya has the option of using her dollars to buy something from the school store or saving them to buy something at a later time. The issue of fake dollars in response to good behavior is an example of _______.
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behavior modification
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A behavior is more resistant to extinction if it is:
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partially reinforced
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Doretha eats all of her dinner knowing that afterward she will get a bowl of ice cream. Doretha's behavior is best explained by what type of learning?
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Operant conditioning
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One of B. F. Skinner's famous experiments involved:
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teaching rats to learn how to obtain food.
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________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas _______ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.
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a candy bar; a gold star- wrong??
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Aida loves to sing for her family and friends but is extremely shy. In order to encourage Aida to sing again, which of the following is a primary reinforcement that Aida's mom might use?
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promise her an ice cream cone when she sings
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When a previously neutral stimulus, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, begins to cause the same kind of reflexive response, the neutral stimulus has become:
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Conditioned Stimulus
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Four-year-old Joshua reacts with anxiety to the sound of thunder. A chair slides across the wooden floor, making a sound similar to thunder. Joshua reacts with some slight anxiety. This is an example of:
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stimulus generalization.
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Khalila decided to try a new dish consisting of rice and tomatoes just as she was coming down with the flu. Now, every time she sees rice or tomatoes, she gets sick to her stomach. In this example, Khalila's experience of nausea at the sight of rice or tomatoes exhibits a(n) ____________.
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conditioned response
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Pavlov believed that the CS, due to its association close in time with the UCS, came to activate the same place in the brain originally activated by the UCS. What is this process called?
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stimulus substitution
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At the end of his first day of kindergarten and the entire week thereafter, Jeremiah's teacher exclaimed, "You may all leave" just after the sounding of a loud bell. On the first day of the second week of school, Jeremiah immediately left the room just as the school bell rang, without any notice from his teacher. In this example, what is the conditioned response?
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Jeremiah left the room after the bell rang
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Without the _____, higher-order conditioning would be difficult to maintain and would gradually fade away.
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unconditioned stimulus
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After a lengthy period during which the UCS was not applied, Pavlov's dogs stopped responding to the metronome. If a weaker conditioned response to the metronome occurred at some point after this, it would be a demonstration of:
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spontaneous recovery
