question

Problem behavior in children can usually be dealt with effectively through ___________. a. waiting b. differential reinforcement c. instruction d. explaining why their behavior is bad

answer

b

question

Charles Madsen and his colleagues asked a teacher to _______ . This change in teacher behavior produced a marked reduction in misconduct . a. write a list of rules of conduct on the board b. reprimand students immediately when they misbehaved c. ignore misbehavior and praise students when they behaved well d. stop the class and discuss disruptions when they occurred

answer

c

question

Wesley Becker suggests that parents should think of themselves as _________. a. business managers b. zoo keepers c. diplomats d. teachers

answer

d

question

Hopkins and Conard found that when teachers made a few simple changes in how they taught, changes that included a shift from reprimands and threats to praise and positive feedback, students advanced at ______ the normal rate in reading. a. half b. one and a half times c. more than twice d. three times

answer

c

question

Skinner devised a mechanical teaching machine that divided the material to be learned into short segments called ________. a. capsules b. frames c. segments d. units

answer

b

question

A highly effective web-based instructional program designed to teach reading that makes use of reinforcement and shaping is called _______. a. Head of the Class b. RedHeadReading c. HeadOverHeels Reading d. Headsprout

answer

d

question

Skinner's teaching machines presented the student with some information, then asked a question. The reinforcer for answering correctly was _________. a. praise from Skinner or his assistant b. an extra credit point c. a point that later converted to cash d. the opportunity to move on to the next frame

answer

d

question

Tarpley and Schroeder attempted to reduce face-slapping in an 8-year-old boy by providing food when the boy played with a ball. The result was that face-slapping __________. a. decreased by 40% in two hours b. decreased by 60% in one hour c. decreased by 90% in 40 minutes d. increased by 50% in 20 minutes

answer

c

question

In the treatment of long-standing self-injurious behavior, punishment is often ________. a. ineffective b. effective c. effective, but the results are short-lived d. effective, but a new form of undesirable behavior typically appears

answer

b

question

Lovaas and Simmons used punishment to reduce self-injurious behavior in a boy. Before treatment, this boy would hit himself at a rate of up to _______. a. 5 times a minute b. 10 times a minute c. 20 times a minute d. 30 times a minute

answer

d

question

Carr and McDowell found that Jim's scratching was reinforced mainly by _______. a. teacher reprimands b. being laughed at by other students c. strange sensations he experienced from scratching d. parental attention

answer

d

question

Jack is a homeless man who lives on the streets of New York City. One cold January night he takes up a position outside a fancy restaurant and starts shouting, "God has ordered an equestrian invasion of Long Island." The restaurant owner calls the police and they take Jack to a hospital, where he spends a quiet night. You look into Jack's medical history and find that he _____________. a. has an inoperable brain tumor b. is a minister c. is a dedicated equesstrian d. has been hospitalized for bizarre behavior in the winter more than in other seasons

answer

d

question

John gets into fights on a regular basis, always with formidable opponents. He has often been injured in these fights and knows that he runs the risk of sustaining serious brain damage or other permanent injuries, yet he continues to fight. John is a very successful professional boxer. This example illustrates that bizarre behavior _________. a. can be a good way of making a living b. is incomprehensible c. is less puzzling when the reinforcers maintaining it are known d. is sometimes a good solution to the problems people face

answer

c

question

Brad Alford's study of the man who thought he was followed by a witch is an example of ________. a. anecdotal evidence b. the case study method c. a group design experiment d. an ABA design experiment

answer

d

question

___________ is the idea that any problem behavior that is eliminated through learning-based treatment will be replaced by a new problem behavior. a. Recidivism b. Spontaneous replacement c. Spontaneous recovery d. Symptom substitution

answer

d

question

Edward Taub's treatment of people with paralyzed limbs emerged from research with ___________. a. chimpanzees b. monkeys c. rats d. sea lions

answer

b

question

Research suggests that bonuses based on employee performance can improve productivity ________. a. but threaten company survival b. and reduce company profits only slightly c. without increasing company costs d. and reduce company costs

answer

d

question

A study by John Austin and colleagues increased safe practices in roofers by providing those who followed safe practices at least 80% of the time with ________. a. bonuses b. coupons redeemable at a local department store c. free lunch d. time off

answer

d

question

Your text describes the use of _______ to get a bull elephant to cooperate with having his toenails trimmed. a. physical restraint b. shaping c. chaining d. episodic training

answer

b

question

Hal __________ pioneered the use of operant procedures to improve the quality of life of captive wild animals. a. A. Burton b. Hobbes c. Rosenblatt d. Markowitz

answer

d

question

The author of your text suggests that the worst orphanages illustrate the importance of operant learning to normal child development.

answer

t

question

Betty Hart and Todd Risley found that the parents who provided the most instruction and practice in language later had the children with the best-developed verbal skills.

answer

t

question

Time out is a form of punishment.

answer

t

question

Most teachers reprimand students more often than they praise them.

answer

t

question

Research demonstrates that when teachers provide positive consequences for good behavior and ignore minor misbehavior, the usual result is an increase in both good and bad behavior

answer

f

question

Eddie McNamara's study showed that praising students when they are "on task" does not increase the frequency of on-task behavior in adolescents

answer

f

question

At Morningside Academy, student achievement test scores in reading and math typically rise two grade levels in one school year.

answer

t

question

The first true teaching machines were built by B. F. Skinner

answer

t

question

In Skinner's teaching machines, the only reinforcer was the opportunity to move on to the next item

answer

t

question

Self-injurious behavior sometimes occurs in healthy people, including college students

answer

t

question

Ivar Lovaas first noticed that aversives could reduce self-injurious behavior when he absentmindedly slapped a child who was banging his head against a wall

answer

t

question

Sometimes the reinforcer that maintains self-injurious behavior is escape from an unpleasant task

answer

t

question

Layng and Andronis reported the case of a psychiatric patient who feared that her head was falling off. This delusion appeared to be due to the fact that it got her social contact from the staff.

answer

t

question

There is no scientific support for symptom substitution

answer

t

question

Efforts to treat stroke victims with paralyzed limbs have proved unsuccessful

answer

f

question

Taub's research suggests that one reason people do not recover following a stroke or injury that causes paralysis is because they do not use the damaged limb

answer

t

question

The Lamere study found that performance-based bonuses improved productivity, but there was no difference between the effects of a 9% bonus and a 3% bonus

answer

t

question

The earliest experiments on observational learning were performed by ______. a. Ivan Pavlov b. E. L. Thorndike c. John B. Watson d. Carl Warden

answer

b

question

The first studies of observational learning ______. a. proved beyond a doubt that animals learn by observing models b. proved that only higher animals learn by observing models c. suggested that some animals can learn by observing models under special circumstances d. failed to find evidence of observational learning in animals

answer

d

question

Learning is a change in behavior due to experience. In observational learning, the experience consists of _______. a. observing events and their consequences b. imitating a model c. vicariously participating in events in one's environment d. sharing the experiences of another person or animal

answer

a

question

If an observer looks on as a model's behavior is reinforced, we speak of _______. a. vicarious reinforcement b. model reinforcement c. observer reinforcement d. imitation

answer

a

question

Social observational learning may be defined as _________. a. imitation of a model's behavior b. a change in an observer's behavior c. a change in behavior due to observing a model d. a variation of operant learning

answer

c

question

According to the author of your text, observational learning involves observing a. events and their consequences. b. the behavior of a model. c. the effects of a model's behavior. d. and imitating a model's actions.

answer

a

question

Herbert and Harsh compared the behavior of cats that had observed a model perform an act 30 times with cats that had observed only 15 performances. They found that _________. a. the extra 15 observances made no difference b. the first 15 observations had a greater impact than the next 15 c. cats that observed 30 performances did substantially better than those that observed 15 d. cats that observed 15 performances actually did better than those that observed 30

answer

c

question

Ellen Levy and her colleagues found that children would imitate a model's reinforced preferences for _______. a. pets b. pictures c. dolls d. cartoon characters

answer

b

question

Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models. In their study, the observers _______. a. watched a video of models talking b. chatted with models in a bar c. received text messages written by models d. listened to models on a tape

answer

d

question

In a study by Hopper and colleagues, some observers watched a model slide a door and retrieve a desired item. Other observers saw the door slide in the absence of a model, revealing the desired item. The latter procedure is called the __________ condition. a. asocial b. model-free c. ghost d. whisper

answer

c

question

Lyons, Young, and Keil actively encouraged children not to imitate the acts of a model that were irrelevant to solving a problem. The result was that the children _________. a. ignored the irrelevant acts b. imitated the irrelevant acts c. performed original irrelevant acts d. failed to solve the problem

answer

b

question

The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even when doing so is not reinforced is called _______. a. superstitious imitation b. neurotic imitation c. generalized imitation d. habitual imitation

answer

c

question

In the Thompson and Russell two-mat study, children who observed a model __________. a. did better than those who did not observe a model b. did less well than those who did not observe a model c. did about the same as those who did not observe a model d. imitated irrelevant acts of the model

answer

a

question

Jill is an impressionable 17-year-old college freshman with average academic skills. She lives in the college dorms with two roommates. One of them, Martha, is bright, attractive, popular, rich, and a local celebrity because of her singing; she seldom studies. Jill's other roommate, Ann, is also bright, but has only a few friends, wears inexpensive clothes, and plays the tuba poorly; she studies all the time. On the basis of what you know about observational learning, you predict that Jill will ______. a. major in music b. major in psychology c. flunk out d. transfer to a different college

answer

c

question

Fisher and Harris found that observers learned more when a model _______. a. frowned and shook her head b. showed no emotional reaction c. vacillated between happy and sad d. avoided looking at the observer

answer

a

question

Judith Fisher and Mary Harris found that if a model wore an eye patch, observers learned _______. a. less from the model's behavior b. more from the model's behavior c. about the same amount from the model's behavior d. only about the eye patch

answer

b

question

You hear on the radio that Smash, the most popular rock music performer in Germany, has killed himself. He left a note ("Goodbye, cruel world"). You predict that _______. a. Germans will riot in the streets b. Germans will pass laws against rock music c. the sale of rock music will decline markedly in Germany d. there will be a rash of suicides or suicidal gestures among German rock music fans

answer

d

question

The influence of literary models on behavior was seen in the 18th century with the publication of _________. a. The Sorrows of Young Werther b. Swan Song c. Death of the Knight d. This Is Not the Answer

answer

a

question

The learning history of observers has a powerful influence on what they learn from models. This is illustrated by the fact that chimpanzees that have had __________ training get more from observing a model than those that have not. a. language b. social skills c. problem solving d. insight

answer

a

question

Primatologist Elizabeth Lornsdorf found that wild young female chimps are more likely than males to learn about __________ . a. sign language b. termite fishing c. tooth flossing d. potato washing

answer

b

question

Those who are most likely to learn from observing a model are probably _______. a. young children b. older children c. adults d. very old adults

answer

c

question

Whether children imitate an aggressive model depends largely on ________. a. the nature of the aggressive behavior b. whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished c. whether the child is encouraged to imitate the model d. the relationship between the child and the model

answer

b

question

Keith and Catherine Hayes found that their adoptee, Viki, learned more from observing models than some children of about the same age. This was surprising because Viki was a _________. a. monkey b. chimpanzee c. porpoise c. Golden Retriever

answer

b

question

In Bandura's theory of observational learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model's behavior are called ________. a. mnemonic processes b. cognitive processes c. retentional processes d. memorial processes

answer

c

question

Of the following terms, the one most associated with Bandura's theory is ________. a. covert modeling b. symbolic observation c. retentional processes d. simulation training

answer

c

question

The operant learning model of observational learning takes the _________. a. natural science approach b. cognitive approach c. intuitive approach d. guess approach

answer

a

question

A panel of experts reviewed studies on the influence of violence depicted on television and in films on the aggressive behavior of children. They found that the evidence for a causal connection between viewing such violence and aggressive behavior was _______. a. weak b. suggestive c. strong but inconclusive d. overwhelming

answer

d

question

Carl Warden was one of the first researchers to demonstrate observational learning in animals

answer

t

question

If an observer watches a well-trained model perform a response, the procedure is not really observational learning

answer

f

question

Herbert and Harsh demonstrated observational learning in cats

answer

t

question

The Herbert and Harsh study found that cats that had observed a model perform 30 times did no better than those that had observed a model perform 15 times

answer

f

question

All studies of observational learning involve learning to solve a problem or perform a skill

answer

f

question

In the study by Thompson and Russell, there was a toy on a mat, but it was out of reach. Children learned to retrieve the toy by observing a model who pulled the mat closer

answer

f

question

Ellen Levy and her colleagues found that children's liking for pictures was influenced by the consequences of the model's preferences

answer

t

question

Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models, even though the observers did not see the models

answer

t

question

Experiments on asocial observational learning raise the question of the extent to which the social variety is truly social

answer

t

question

Research suggests that humans tend to imitate behavior that is irrelevant to obtaining reinforcers

answer

t

question

Research suggests that the tendency to imitate the irrelevant acts of a model increases with age

answer

t

question

Some researchers believe that the tendency of humans to imitate irrelevant modeled acts is beneficial

answer

t

question

Observing a model is particularly helpful if the task involved is easy

answer

f

question

The research of Rosekrans and Hartup on aggression suggests that if a model's behavior is sometimes reinforced and sometimes punished, it is more likely to be imitated than if it is consistently reinforced

answer

f

question

Although the consequences of a model's behavior have a strong influence on an observer's tendency to imitate the model's behavior, ultimately the consequences of the observer's behavior tend to win out

answer

t

question

The book, The Last Gentleman Adventurer, includes an anecdote that illustrates cross-species observational learning

answer

t

question

Little of classroom learning is observational

answer

f

question

Alan Kazdin found that praising attentiveness in one child actually reduced the attentiveness in another child

answer

f

question

Research suggests that some students who do not naturally learn from a model can be taught the skills necessary to do so

answer

t

question

Videotapes of flossing monkeys suggest that mother monkeys attempt to teach their infants how to floss through modeling

answer

t

question

Howard studied hard for his math test and found that what he learned helped him on his physics test. Howard benefited from _______. a. generalization b. discrimination c. transposition d. stimulus control

answer

a

question

Generalization is sometimes called _________. a. transposition b. tropism c. transfer d. transliteration

answer

c

question

Response maintenance can be considered generalization across _________. a. time b. situations c. people d. behaviors

answer

a

question

The tendency of changes in one behavior to spread to other behaviors is called __________ generalization. a. incipient b. response c. transitional d. active

answer

b

question

You test Mary's drawing ability by having her draw fruit, animals, landscapes, and houses. Mary then takes a drawing class in which she learns to draw human figures. You decide to test Mary again to see if her drawing ability has improved. You predict that if she shows any improvement at all it will be at drawing _______. a. fruit b. animals c. landscapes d. houses

answer

b

question

The kind of generalization your text focuses on is ______. a. response generalization b. stimulus generalization c. reciprocal generalization d. discriminated generalization

answer

b

question

In a classic study, Guttman and Kalish trained pigeons to peck a disc of a particular color, and then gave them the opportunity to peck ________. a. discs of various colors b. discs of various shapes c. discs of various sizes d. objects other than discs

answer

a

question

Robert Eisenberger found that rewarding a high level of effort on one task increases the level of effort on other tasks. This illustrates _______. a. discrimination b. generalization c. motivational transfer d. a motivational paradox

answer

b

question

Honig and Slivka trained pigeons to peck discs of various colors. After this they began shocking the birds when they pecked a disc of a particular color. This __________. a. reduced pecking on that disc, but not discs of other colors b. reduced pecking discs of all colors, but especially those that resembled the punished color c. had no effect on the rate of pecking d. reduced pecking on discs of the punished color, but increased pecking on other discs

answer

b

question

The findings of Eisenberger and others concerning increasing effort is called _______. a. learned helplessness b. motivational transfer c. learned industriousness d. increased potentiation

answer

c

question

Dweck and Repucci had teachers give students unsolvable problems, and then problems that could be solved. The result was that the students __________. a. solved the second set of problems more easily than expected b. solved the second set of problems, but more slowly than expected c. failed to solve the problems in the second set d. decided to unionize

answer

c

question

In the Dweck and Repucci study, teachers asked students to work on unsolvable problems, and then on problems that could be solved. They failed to solve the second set of problems, but were able to solve similar problems when the problems were presented _______. a. orally b. by a different teacher c. the next day d. in a different room

answer

b

question

When six-month old Joey cries, his mother, Martha, can tell what he needs even before she goes to him. Martha's skill is an example of ______. a. generalization b. discrimination c. semantic generalization d. errorless discrimination training

answer

b

question

A dog learns to salivate at the sound of a soft buzzer, but not at the sound of a loud buzzer. After training, the dog is presented with buzzers of various volumes. You predict that the dog will salivate most in response to a buzzer that is _______. a. identical to the CS+ b. slightly softer than the CS+ c. slightly louder than the CS+ d. slightly louder than the CS-

answer

b

question

The figures below illustrate various generalization gradients. The greatest degree of generalization is depicted by Figure _______. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

answer

b

question

Look again at figures in the previous item. The one that shows the greatest degree of discrimination is Figure ______.

answer

d

question

An SD is analogous to a ______. a. S∆ b. CS+ c. SP d. Sp

answer

b

question

Jill trains her dog, Boozer, to come to her when she snaps her fingers. She snaps her fingers, then gives the dog a bit of food when it approaches. Finger snapping is a(n) _________. a. SD b. S∆ c. transposed stimulus d. concept

answer

a

question

An ________ is a stimulus that indicates that a particular behavior will be reinforced. a. S∆ b. S0 c. S- d. SD

answer

d

question

In _______ discrimination training, the SD and S∆ are presented at the same time. a. synchronized b. randomized c. simultaneous d. identical

answer

c

question

In ______, the task is to select from two or more alternatives the stimulus that matches a standard. a. matching to sample b. stimulus selection c. mismatching d. discriminating

answer

a

question

In _______, the task is to select from two or more alternatives the stimulus that is different from a standard. a. matching to nonsample b. oddity matching c. error matching d. difference matching

answer

b

question

The person whose name is most associated with errorless discrimination training is _______. a. Carl Rogers b. Susan Terrance c. Herbert Terrace d. Robert Eisenberger

answer

c

question

In errorless discrimination training, _______. a. training continues until the animal or person makes no errors b. subjects look on as well-trained models perform the response to be learned c. generalization soon reappears d. the S∆ is introduced in very weak form and its strength is gradually increased

answer

d

question

Bill conducts an experiment in which he pairs the word psychologist with words such as nasty, evil, and corrupt. Later Bill asks his subjects to give their opinion of various professions by rating them on a scale from very positive to very negative. Of the following professions, _______ will probably receive the lowest rating. a. mathematician b. accountant c. biologist d. social worker

answer

d

question

Providing different consequences for different responses can enhance discrimination training. This finding is called the _______. a. differential outcomes effect b. differential reinforcement effect c. discriminated avoidance effect d. stimulus control effect

answer

a

question

When a behavior reliably occurs in the presence of an SD, but not in the presence of an S-, we can say the behavior is _______. a. under stimulus control b. fully discriminated c. respondent d. fully operant

answer

a

question

According to your text, mental rotation data are best viewed as evidence of ______. a. generalization b. discrimination c. cognitive processing d. peak shift

answer

a

question

Harriet gives a monkey a choice between two blocks of wood, one rough and the other smooth. If the animal selects the rough block, it receives a raisin; if it picks the smooth one, it receives nothing. When the animal regularly picks the rough block, Harriet gives the animal a choice between the rough block of wood and a new block of wood that is even rougher than the first. You predict that the monkey will _______. a. pick the new, very rough block b. pick the old, somewhat rough block c. show no preference between the blocks d. show signs of developing an experimental neurosis

answer

a

question

Judy gives a monkey a choice between a sphere and various other three-dimensional shapes. Each time the animal selects the sphere, it receives a grape; if it selects the other object, it receives nothing. Judy is engaged in _______. a. transposition training b. a peak shift experiment c. concept training d. generalization training

answer

c

question

Robert Allan trained pigeons to peck pictures containing human figures. He found that birds ______. a. refused to peck at a high rate b. pecked open areas free of human figures c. pecked the human figures d. pecked the pictures at random points

answer

c

question

If a person smokes a pack of cigarettes a day, in a year, cigarette smoking is reinforced ________. a. 730 times b. 7,300 times c. 73,000 times d. nearly a million times

answer

c

question

Steven, a drug abuser, is released from a clinic. He is free of drugs, and has sworn never to take drugs again. He returns to his old neighborhood. You predict that within six months, Steven will ______. a. have moved to a new neighborhood b. have new friends and be free of drugs c. be abusing drugs again d. have committed suicide

answer

c

question

Frederick believes that discrimination training produces inhibitory as well as excitatory gradients of generalization. Frederick is most likely an advocate of the theory of generalization and discrimination proposed by _______. a. Pavlov b. Spence c. Lashley and Wade d. Herrnstein

answer

b

question

Frederica believes that generalization occurs because of a lack of experience with stimuli that differ from the SD. Frederica is probably most comfortable with the theory of generalization and discrimination proposed by _______. a. Pavlov b. Spence c. Lashley and Wade d. Herrnstein

answer

c

question

The effects of reinforcement generalize, but the effects of extinction and punishment do not

answer

f

question

With discrimination training, pigeons have learned to discriminate between paintings by Monet and Picasso, even when the pictures were ones they had never seen before

answer

t

question

In stimulus generalization, a behavior "travels" from one situation to another

answer

t

question

Generalization is a by-product of learning that nearly always occurs spontaneously

answer

f

question

Spence's theory anticipated the discovery of the peak shift phenomenon

answer

t

question

The flatter the generalization curve, the greater the degree of generalization

answer

t

question

Concepts involve both generalization and discrimination

answer

t

question

Pigeons that have learned to peck a disc when two lights of the same color come on, and not when the lights differ, can be said to have learned a concept

answer

t

question

Herrnstein and others trained pigeons to respond to images of people. The researchers did this by pinpointing a single defining feature (such as hair) on which the birds could discriminate humans from other objects

answer

f

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