question

During early childhood, on average, girls are __ than boys.

answer

smaller and lighter

question

By the end of early childhood, compared to each other, boys have __, whereas girls have __.

answer

more muscle tissue more fatty tissue

question

By repeatedly obtaining brain scans of the same children for up to four years, researchers found that the children's brains experience __ between the ages of 3 and 15.

answer

dramatic anatomical changes

question

Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the __ lobe areas.

answer

frontal

question

Experts recommend that young children get __ hours of a sleep each night.

answer

11-13

question

Children can experience a number of sleep problems, including narcolepsy which is characterized by:

answer

extreme daytime sleepiness

question

Researchers have found children who have sleep problems:

answer

are more likely to show depression and anxiety than children who do not have sleep problems

question

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk for being overweight are determined by:

answer

body mass index, which is computed by a formula that takes into account height and weight.

question

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, only children and adolescents at or above the __ percentile are classified as obese

answer

97th percentile

question

Young children from __ families are the most likely to develop iron deficiency anemia.

answer

low-income

question

The leading cause of death in young children in the United States is:

answer

motor vehicle accidents, followed by cancer and cardiovascular disease.

question

The negative effects of high lead levels in children's blood include:

answer

lower intelligence, lower achievement, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and elevated blood pressure.

question

The poor are the majority in nearly __ of the world.

answer

one of every 5 nations

question

Deaths in young children due to HIV/AIDS especially occur in countries:

answer

with high rates of poverty and low levels of education

question

The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age, is characterized by the emergence of:

answer

children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions.

question

When teachers adjust their level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student, it is called:

answer

scaffolding

question

This use of language for self-regulation is called:

answer

private speech

question

Vygotsky's view of the importance of __ on children's development fits with the current belief that it is important to evaluate the contextual factors in learning.

answer

sociocultural influences

question

Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through:

answer

social interaction

question

__ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment.

answer

sustained

question

After the age of __, children attend more efficiently to the dimensions of the task that are relevant.

answer

6 or 7

question

When experimenters ask children to judge whether two complex pictures are the same, preschool children tend to use a haphazard comparison strategy, not examining all of the details before making a judgment, exhibiting a lack of:

answer

planfulness

question

In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to __ if there is no rehearsal of the information.

answer

30 seconds

question

By __ of age, a child recognizes that another person will see what's in front of her own eyes instead of what's in front of the child's eyes.

answer

2 years

question

The realization that people can have false beliefs—beliefs that are not true—develops in a majority of children by the time they are __ old.

answer

3 to 5 years

question

Approximately __ children is estimated to have some sort of autism spectrum disorder

answer

1 in 150

question

It now is accepted that autism is linked to:

answer

(shows a number of behaviors different from children their age, including deficits in social interaction and communication as well as repetitive behaviors or interest.)

question

By the time they enter first grade, it is estimated that children know about __ words.

answer

14,000

question

Around __ years of age, children learn to change their speech style to suit the situation.

answer

4 to 5

question

In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and poor education for young children in the United States through:

answer

Project Head Start

question

Early Head Start was established in 1995 to serve children from __ of age.

answer

birth to 3 years

question

According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is:

answer

initiative versus guilt

question

According to Erik Erikson, the "great governor" of initiative is:

answer

conscience

question

Self-conscious emotions do not appear to develop until self-awareness appears around __ of age.

answer

18 months

question

At about what age are children when they understand that the same event causes different emotions in different people?

answer

4 to 5 years

question

Feelings of anxiety and guilt are central to the account of moral development provided by __ theory.

answer

Freud's psychoanalytical

question

According to Freud, to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection, children identify with parents, internalizing their standards of right and wrong, and thus form the:

answer

superego

question

__ is responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.

answer

empathy

question

From about __ years of age, children display heteronomous morality.

answer

4 to 7

question

__ involves a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female.

answer

Gender identity

question

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel are known as:

answer

Gender roles

question

Most children know whether one is a girl or boy by about __ of age.

answer

2.5 years

question

Low levels of __ in the female embryo allow the normal development of female sex organs.

answer

androgens

question

Gonads are:

answer

(ovaries in females and testes in males) the two main classes of sex hormones, estrogens and androgens, are secreted by these

question

__ promote the development of female physical sex characteristics.

answer

Estrogens

question

__ promote the development of male physical sex characteristics.

answer

Androgens

question

__ psychologists propose that men have gradually changed over time to have dispositions that favor competition and risk-taking.

answer

evolutionary

question

According to Freud, at which age does the child renounce the sexual attraction he or she feels toward the parent of the opposite sex because of anxious feelings?

answer

5 or 6

question

According to the __ theory of gender, children's gender development occurs through observing and imitating what other people say and do, and through being rewarded and punished for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior

answer

social cognitive

question

Around the age of __, children already show a preference to spend time with same-sex playmates.

answer

3

question

Children between the ages of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of:

answer

same sex

question

Girls are more likely to engage in __, in which they talk and act in a more reciprocal manner.

answer

collaborative discourse

question

A parent who uses a restrictive, punitive style to control the behavior of their children is a(n):

answer

authoritarian

question

A parent who is very uninvolved in a child's life, showing neither responsiveness or control, is a(n):

answer

neglectful

question

A parent who encourages his/her children to be independent, but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n):

answer

authoritative

question

A parent who expects mature, independent, and age-appropriate behavior from his/her children is a(n):

answer

authoritative

question

Which parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being accepting and responsive?

answer

authoritative parenting

question

In a recent national survey of U.S. parents with 3- to 4-year-old children, about __ reported that they frequently yelled at their children.

answer

67%

question

Which of the following countries has the most favorable attitude toward corporal punishment? South Korea

answer

South Korea

question

In which of the following countries are adults most likely to remember that their parents used corporal punishment?

answer

South Korea

question

The support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child is known as:

answer

coparenting

question

__ of victims of child abuse in the U.S. were abused by their parent(s).

answer

84%

question

Punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, and shaking a child constitutes:

answer

Physical abuse

question

Commercial exploitation of a child through prostitution or the production of pornographic material constitutes:

answer

sexual abuse

question

__ is almost always present when other forms of child maltreatment are identified.

answer

Emotional Abuse

question

Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of single-parent families?

answer

US

question

It is estimated that approximately __ percent of children born to married parents in the United States will experience their parents' divorce.

answer

40

question

Following divorce, custodial mothers experience the loss of about __ of their predivorce income.

answer

1/4 to 1/2

question

Approximately __ of lesbians are parents.

answer

20%

question

Approximately __ of gay men are parents.

answer

10%

question

The overwhelming majority of children from gay or lesbian families:

answer

have a heterosexual orientation

question

Cultural changes that occur when one culture comes in contact with another is known as __.

answer

acculturation

question

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson considered play to be valuable because:

answer

it helps children master anxieties and conflicts as well as relieving tensions to cope with life's problems and work off excess physical energy and release pent-up tensions.

question

Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky considered play to be valuable because:

answer

play is a child's work play advances children's cognitive development play permits children to practice their competencies and acquired skills in a relaxed, pleasurable way play provides the perfect setting to exercise these cognitive structures

question

Which type of play increases dramatically during the preschool years?

answer

Social Play

question

Constructive play:

answer

Play that combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas.

question

Which type of play is most common among 10- to 12-year-olds?

answer

game playing

question

Children's Saturday morning cartoons show about __ violent acts per hour.

answer

25

question

Children's shows like Sesame Street are:

answer

positive social interchanges

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