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Piaget's term for the way infants think - by using their senses and motor skills - during the first period of cognitive development

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sensorimotor intelligence

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the first of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving the infant's own body. the infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and so on, and tries to understand them.

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primary circular reactions

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the second of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving people and objects. the infant is responsive to other people and to toys and other objects the infant can touch and move.

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secondary circular reactions

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the realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard

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object permanence

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The third of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving active exploration and experimentation. Infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world.

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tertiary circular reactions

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The stage-five toddler (age 12 to 18 months) who experiments without anticipating the results, using trial and error in active and creative exploration.

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little scientist

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A sequence in which an infant first perceives something done by someone else and then performs the same action hours or even days later.

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deferred imitation

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The process of becoming accustomed to an object or event through repeated exposure to it, and thus becoming less interested in it

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habituation

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fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging, a measuring technique in which the brain's electrical excitement indicates activation anywhere in the brain; fMRI helps researchers locate neurological responses to stimuli

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fMRI

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cells in an observers brain that respond to an action performed by someone else in the same way they would if the observer were actually performing the action

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mirror neurons

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An opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment.

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affordance

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an experiment apparatus that gives step illusion of a sudden drop off between on horizon surface and another

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visual cliff

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A perceptual experience that is intended to help a person recollect an idea, a thing, or an experience

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reminder session

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unconscious or automatic memory that is usually stored via habits, emotional responses, routine procedures, and various sensations

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implicit memory

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memory that is easy to retrieve on demand (as in a specific test). most explicit memory involves consciously learned words, data, and concepts

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explicit memory

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the high-pitched, simplified and repetitive way adults speak to infants and children

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child-directed speech

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an infants repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba, that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months old

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babbling

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A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought

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holophrase

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naming explosion

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A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, that begins at about 18 months of age.

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all the methods-word order, verb forms, and so on-that languages use to communicate meaning, apart from words themselves

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Grammar

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THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF WORDS IN A TYPICAL SENTENCE (CALLED UTTERANCE, B/C CHILDREN MAY NOT SPEAK IN COMPLETE SENTENCE) MLU is often used to indicate how advanced a child's language development is

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mean length of utterance (MLU)

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Chomsky's term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation

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language acquisition device (LAD)

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stage of reflexes and first acquired adaptations

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2 stages in primary circular reactions

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first stage in primary circular reactions, lasts only a month

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stage of reflexes

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2nd stage in primary circular reactions, occurs when reflexes adjust to whatever response the elicit, 1-4 months of age

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first acquired adaptations

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accommodation and assimilation

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adaptation is cognitive and requires

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full term newborns suck on anything placed in their mouth, by a month old infants adapt reflex to bottles, breasts, pacifiers, etc.

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example of using accommodation and assimilation in baby drinking out of bottle

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thinking

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as kids accommodate pacifiers example they explained their

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sticks

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once adaptation occurs it

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a 4 month old that sucks on its thumb cannot be taught to suck on pacifier and spits it out

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example of adaptation sticking

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making interesting events last and new adaptation and anticipation

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2 stages of development in secondary circular reactions

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4-8 months, infants attempt to produce new experiences (ex. realizing that a rattle makes noise)

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making interesting events last

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8 months to 1 year, babies ask for help by fussing and pointing to accomplish what they want, babies initiate and anticipate

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new adaptation and anticipation

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before always smiling at father, they look at see his mood

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new adaptation and anticipation example with father

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goal

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stage four babies work hard to pursue a

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a boy who sees his father put on coat to leave might reach for his coat and try to leave too

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example of stage 4 baby trying to pursue a goal

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8 months

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age that kids understand object permanence

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child will search hard for object after seeing been put in one place, but won't look for it if it has been moved to a second place (A-not-B)

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object permanence at age 18 months

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fully understand

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object permanence at age 2

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after object has been placed under cloth they remove cloth, but not if they have to wait a few seconds

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object permanence at age 8 months

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becomes boring, but games like hide and seek are more fun because there is more imaginative hiding and waiting

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as comprehension of hidden objects matures what happens with peek a boo

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1 year

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tertiary circular reactions age

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12-18 months, new means through active experimentation, builds on accomplishments of stage 4

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stage 5 (in tertiary circular reactions)

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little scientist, squeezing all toothpaste out of tube, uncovering anthill, etc.

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example of new means through active experimentation-stage 5 (in tertiary circular reactions)

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18-24 months, mental combinations, begins thought and toddlers can pretend, start to think about consequences but usually ignore because of curiosity

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6th stage (in tertiary circular reactions)

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child knows that baby doll is not real baby-but buckles it into stroller and takes it for a walk

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example of mental combinations-6th stage (in tertiary circular reactions)

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stage 5 -new means through active experimentation

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stage of little scientist

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mental combinations-6th stage (in tertiary circular reactions)

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stage of deferred imitation

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sample size too small (only observed his 3 children), methods too simple

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why could piaget have been wrong

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use innovative statistics, research designs, sample sizes, and strategies to measure things unavailable to piaget

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new research methods and realization on infant development

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habituation (shown through more focused gaze, change in heart rate, muscle tension, etc.)

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how can researchers know that babies detect a difference in two stimuli

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what neurons are firing, and that a particular stimulus has been noticed and processed

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fMRI measures what

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measures electrical activity in the top layers of the brain, where the cortex is

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EEG

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especially in infancy, much brain activity occurs below cortex

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limitations of EEG

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notes the amplitude and frequency of electrical activity (as shown by brain waves) in specific parts of the cortex in reaction to various stimuli

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ERP

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reaction within the cortex signifies perception, but interruption in the amplitude and timing of brain waves is not straightforward

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limitations of ERP

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PET reveals activity in various parts of the brain. locations can be pinpointed with precision, but PET requires injection of radioactive dye to light up the active parts of the brain

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PET

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many parents and researchers hesitate to inject dye into an infants brain unless serious abnormality is suspected

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limitations of PET

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measures change sin blood flow anywhere in the brain (not just outer layers)

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use of fMRI

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signifies brain activity, but infants are notoriously active, which can make fMRI useless

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limitations of fMRI

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that infants have memories, goals, deferred imitations, and mental combinations well in advance of piagets stages

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because of advanced brain scanning methods researchers are convinced

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results debated, expensive, parents hesitate such measures on healthy infants

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downfalls to brain scans in infants

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help babies understand objects, language, and other people long before paiget thought

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many people believe that mirror neurons

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information processing theory

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pianist theory of cognition contrasts with

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perception which may produce cognition

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information processing theorist believe that sensation leads to

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object permanence

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an infant moves a hand to uncover a toy is an example of

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habituation

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looking at one photo longer than another in a baby might be a result of

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after first being born, hunger pain reflexes make baby cry-but as it gets older it hears mothers voice, looks for her, reaches to be picked up, nuzzles to her breast and might even sign something to indicate hunger (each step of process requires information to be processed)

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information processing theory example when baby is hungry

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they have more advance processing

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according to information processing theory, older infants are more thoughtful and effective because

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intelligence

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information processing theory finds that a positive correlation exists between early attention and habituation and later

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input; or perception

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affordance is

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affordance and memory

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2 specific aspects of information processing theory in infants

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brain organization and output; storage and retrieval

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memory is

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selectivity

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perception is a cognitive accomplishment that requires

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sensory awareness, immediate motivation, current level of development, and past experiences

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which particular affording is perceived and acted on depends on what 4 factors

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what affordances are perceived

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age of perceiver affects

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child sees open space and thinks it is an opportunity to run anywhere, adult sees open space but also sees traffic, neighbors, animals, etc.

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example of how age affects affordance

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age, motivation, context, culture

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selective perception of affordance depends on

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which affordances are perceived

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experience affects

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visual cliff experiment - 6 month old will climb straight over but 10 month old can't go past cliff (later showed that even 3 month olds perceive the drop but can't experience the danger of falling until they can crawl)

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example of how experience affects which affordances are perceived

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move

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all babies are attracted to things that

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ball rolling past them at 3 months and 9 months old -most tried to touch or catch it but their perception changed--infants 3 months tried to grab fast balls an not slow ones, 9 months knew to reach for slower moving ball

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experiment for infants interest in motion

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the belief than infants remember nothing until about age 2.

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infant amnesia

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babies develop memories, but have not matured or mastered linguistics

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what can't babies describe what happens or remember anything before age 2

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motivation is high, retrial is strengthened by reminders and repetition

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infants can remember if

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move legs and kick mobile, removed and one week later replaced-baby started kicking legs but 2 weeks later had forgotten

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example of infant remembering

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experiment that babies could remember past 2 weeks with a reminder session --before two weeks babies were placed infant of mobile and reminded about how they could kick it, the next day they kicked and moved it

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carolyn rovee collier

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tested in same room, multiple reminders, context is crucial

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how to really help infant remember

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watches kid with a toy, next day picks it up and plays with it exactly as they saw while young infants won't do this

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memory and 9 months old

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implicit and explicit memory

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one reason early scientists underestimated infant memory is they did not fully understand difference between

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6-12 months

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when does explicit memory emerge (but not fully developed at this age)

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hippocampus (very immature until age 5 or 6)

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explicit memory depends on what part of the brain

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before birth

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when do implicit memories begin

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even if never experienced before, person had something very similar occur in infancy and it was stored implicitly

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why might deja vu happen

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yes-memories help in early word learning and those words help encode later memories

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should people talk to babies

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same

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the sequence of learning language is the same or different worldwide

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before birth

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when does language learning begin

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yes

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can newborn babies differentiate between languages

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6 months

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when can a baby simply look at someones mouth and distinguish if they are speaking in their language

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must speak both of them to infant

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if parents what child to speak two languages they

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learning and communication

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child directed speech fosters

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7 months

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at what age to kids begin to recognize words that are highly distinctive

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reflexive communication- cries, movement, facial expressions

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newborn communication

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range of meaningful noises -cooing, fussing, crying, laughing

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2 months communication

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new sounds, including squeals, growls, croons, trills, vowel sounds

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3-6 months communication

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babbling, including both constant and vowel sounds repeated in syllables

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6-10 months communication

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comprehension of simple words; speech like intonations;specific vocalizations that have meaning to those who know the infant well. deaf babies express first signs

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10-12 months communication

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first spoken words that are recognized by native language

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12 months communication

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slow growth of vocabulary, up to about 50 words

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13-18 months communication

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naming explosion-three or more words learned per day. much variation: some toddlers do not yet speak

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18 months communication

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first two word sentences

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21 months communication

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multiword sentence. half the toddlers utterances are 2 or more words long

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24 months communication

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between 6 and 9 months

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when is babbling

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experience-expectant

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babbling is

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native language

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toward end of first year babbling begins to sound like

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hands via gestures

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6 to 12 months hold are very good at communicating with their

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pointing (by 10 months and mastered by 12 months)

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one early gesture is

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1 year

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average age of first words

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able to use words like mama; but also special language like "boom boom" to mean "stairs"

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at 13 months a child is

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10 times more words than they can actually say

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in first months of second year babies can understand

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gestures, facial expression, tone, loudness, and cadence

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early words are soon accompanied by

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12 months (no longer making noises, but truly trying to communicate)

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intonation is reduced at age

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twice as many

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21 month olds know how many more words than 18 month olds

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all significant caregivers and siblings (also know fav foods and elimination words)

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between 12 and 18 months the infant learned names of

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child directed speech

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by 5 months babies prefer adults who use

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english

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what verbs are hardest to learn

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difficulty of verbs, frequency of verb use, emphasis on nouns vs. verbs, sensitive to sounds (verbs are learned easier if they sound like the action)

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what could account for cultural differences and verb understanding

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18 and 24 months

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when does grammar become obvious

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behaviorism, sociocultural theory, and evolutionary psychology

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3 theories of language development

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b.f. skinner notices spontaneous babbling was reinforced, operant condition occurs, and talking begins

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behaviorism theory of language development

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parents are excellent teachers

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behaviorism theory of language development and ideas of parents

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parents are excellent teachers, frequent reputation is instructive, well taught infants become well spoken children

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techniques behaviorists would recommend for language development

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sociocultural theory

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social pragmatic theory of language development comes from

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infants communicate b/c humans are social beings depends on one another for survival and joy, emotional messages of speech propel communication

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sociocultural theory/social pragmatic theory of language development

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no-only face to face learning and interaction

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and videos during infancy beneficial

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arises from human impulse to imitate, observe what they see and apply it, chomsky developed this idea that all children are born with mental structure, words are expected by developing brain

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evolutionary psychology theory of language development

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evolutionary psychology theory

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language acquisition device is part of what theory of language development

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indicate intention, call objects by name, put words together, talk to family, sing, express wishes, remember past, etc.

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hybrid theory of language comes from ideas that infants learn language to

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cries, movement, facial expression

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communication milestones age 0 months

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recognize sounds, several different cries and sounds, turn toward familiar sounds

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communication milestones age 1 month

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range of meaningful noises, social smile, laughter, imitates movement, enjoys interaction with others

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communication milestones age 3 months

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news sounds, meaningful gestures, reacts to own name, express negative feelings, distinguish emotion, makes sounds, use noise to express happy and sad, babbles

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communication milestones age 6 months

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simple gestures, pointing, makes sounds for certain things, respond to simple request

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communication milestones age 10 months

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attend to speech, more gestures, babbles with inflection, names familiar people, uses exclamations, imitate words, pointing, first spoken words

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communication milestones age 12 months

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combines 2 words, 50 word vocab, use nouns and verbs, 10-30 holophrases, movement, naming explosion, much variation

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communication milestones age18 months

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3 or 4 word sentences, uses adjectives and adverbs, sing simple songs

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communication milestones age 24 months

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noun, action verbs, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

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sequence of language development

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we are born vocalizing, babbling has inflection and language differences (babbling is like playing with language)

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vocalization vs. babbling

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yes

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do deaf children vocalize

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if receiving sign language, they babble with their hands

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how do deaf children babble

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cognitive delay, bad hearing, autistic

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if a child is 2 years old and not speaking that might be a sign of

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really good (b/c infant is copying you), then gets bad, then becomes better again

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grammar at first

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critique piaget

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baillageon 1987

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stage 5-new experiences through active experiment

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stage of piaget development - toddler squeezes toothpaste out of tube

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stage 3 - continuing interesting experiences

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stage of piaget development - laughs when tickled and shakes arm with please when rattle is placed into hand

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stage 1-reflexes

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stage of piaget development - sucks nipple and anything that comes near mouth

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stage 4 - little scientist

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stage of piaget development - experiment with spoon, bangs it on dish, throws on floor

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stage 2 - first acquired adaptations

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stage of piaget development - baby refuses pacifier and shows displeasure through crying

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stage 6- deffered imitation

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stage of piaget development - baby imitates a temper tantrum observed from older child

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innate, self taught

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cHOMSKY BELIEVED that language was

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A child uses a word in a broad sense. For example, the word 'dog' may be used to refer to all four-legged animals with a tail. Over-extensions reflect a child's learning and their growing knowledge of the world; noticing similarities and differences between objects

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over extensions

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Behaviour that is carried out with a particular purpose in mind. It is developed toward the end of the sensorimotor stage and they are working out various ways to obtain the things they want.

answer

goal directed behavior

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