psych chapter 11 - Flashcards

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At some point during the babbling stage, infants begin to

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lose their ability to discriminate sounds they never hear.

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Telegraphic speech is

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a grammatically correct two-word utterance.

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In English, adjectives precede nouns. This is a rule of syntax, which is the

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orderly arrangement of words into grammatically sensible sentences.

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Chomsky suggested that as a child first begins hearing language, appropriate settings or standards regarding the rules of that language are activated in the child's

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language acquisition device.

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In the words "helped" and "called," the "ed" ending is a(n)

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morpheme.

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How many phonemes are in the word "bats"?

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3

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It has been suggested that Alaskan Eskimos' rich vocabulary for describing snow enables them to perceive differences in snow conditions that would otherwise go unnoticed. This suggestion most clearly illustrates

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linguistic determinism.

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The best evidence that there is a critical period for language acquisition is the fact that

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people most easily master the grammar of a second language during childhood.

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B. F. Skinner emphasized the importance of ________ in language acquisition.

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reinforcement

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Noam Chomsky argues that children's readiness to learn language is a(n)

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biological predisposition.

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Three-year old Lucy said, "Mommy goed to the store." Lucy's mistake best demonstrates that

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learning theory does not adequately explain language acquisition.

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Semantics refers to the

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rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences.

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How many morphemes are in the word "bats"?

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2

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Language refers to the

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spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning.

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A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.

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implicit

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The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ________ memory.

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long term

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A baseball strikes Ashley in the head and she is momentarily knocked unconscious. The physical injury, though not serious, is most likely to interfere with Ashley's ________ memory.

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short term

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The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful

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retrievL CUE

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The association of sadness with memories of negative life events contributes to

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mood-congruent memory

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The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called

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proactive interference

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Forming many associations between new course material and what you already know is an effective way to build a network of

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retrieval cues

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Conscious memory of factual information is called ________ memory.

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explicit

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Effortful processing can occur only with

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conscious attention

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Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory?

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Ebbinghaus

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Which of the following poses the greatest threat to the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse?

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misinformation effect

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Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called

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flashbulb

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Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt ________ memory.

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short term

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Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called

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retrieval cues

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Effortful processing can occur only with

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conscious attention

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Compared with adults, children are more susceptible to

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misinformation effect

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To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as ________ memory.

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working

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The eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as

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deja vu

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Mentally re-creating the mood that accompanied your original learning of course material is an effective way to activate

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retrieval cues

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"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory.

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short term

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The misinformation effect refers to the

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incorporation of misleading information into one's memory of an event.

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Semantic encoding refers to the processing of

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meaning

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Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information.

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7

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Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.

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short-term

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The organization of information into meaningful units is called

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chunking

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A mnemonic device is a

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memory aid

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Iconic memory refers to

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photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second.

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Which of the following is the best example of the testing effect?

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Repeated quizzing of information increases the chances it will be recalled.

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Which of the following are types of sensory memory? (CLICK ALL THAT APPLY.)

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iconic, ephoic, haptic

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Sperling

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sensory memory does exist with tones and rows of letters

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miller

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magic number of working memory

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Brown/peterson

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duration of working memory

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ebbinghus

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repition

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The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of

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semantic encoding

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Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.

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retention; acquisition

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Which of the following are we likely to recognize first as belonging to the category "mammal"?

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humans

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With which of the following statements will people typically agree most quickly?

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a robin is a bird

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The indelible memories of the 9/11 terrorist tragedy unduly inflated many people's estimates of the risks associated with air travel. This best illustrates the importance of

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the availability heuristic

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Although intuition can at times hinder rationality, it is often valuable because it facilitates

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quick decisions

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The spontaneous utterance of a variety of sounds by infants is called

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babbling

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Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning constitute

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language

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Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

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cognition

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Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates

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overconfidence

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Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that

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words shape the way people think

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An algorithm is a

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methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems.

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The inability to take a new perspective on a problem is called

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fixation

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Students routinely underestimate how much time it will take them to complete assigned course projects. This best illustrates the impact of

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overconfidence

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People told that a chemical in the air is projected to kill 10 out of every 10 million people feel more frightened than if told the fatality risk is .000001. This best illustrates the importance of

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framing.

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A prototype is a

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best example of a particular category

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An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called

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belief perseverance.

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By dividing broad concepts into increasingly smaller and detailed subgroupings, we create

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category hierarchies.

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The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses is called

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functional fixedness.

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Our capacity for thinking without language is best illustrated by

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unconscious information processing.

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In testing thousands of different materials for use as lightbulb filaments, Thomas Edison best illustrated a problem-solving approach known as

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trial and error

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Based on Herman Ebbinghaus' "forgetting curve" how will your memories for psychological concepts change?

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I will forget most psychological concepts soon after learning them, but the information I recall after that immediate drop will be retained for years.

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Many people retain their classically conditioned fears without any conscious recollection of how or when those fears were learned. This best illustrates ________ memory.

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implicit

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Long-term potentiation refers to

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an increase in a neuron's firing potential.

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Professor Maslova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates

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proactive interference

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Clive Wearing, Dory, and Lucy from Fifty First Dates cannot make new long-term memories. They are suffering from

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anterograde amnesia

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The inability to remember how Lincoln's head appears on a penny is most likely due to a failure in

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encoding

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The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called

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priminng

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Information learned while a person is ________ is best recalled when that person is ________.

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drunk;drunk

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A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as

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repression

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While in a context similar to one you've been in before, you see a stranger who looks and walks like one of your friends. These circumstances are likely to trigger the experience of

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deja vu

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The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called

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proactive interference

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Negative recall primed by distressing emotions most clearly illustrates

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-Mood congruent memory

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Watching a tv soap involving martial conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall several instances in which her husband mistreats her

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priming

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Words, events, places and emotions that trigger our memory of the past

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retrival cues

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Arnold so easily remembers his old gfs number but difficult to recall new gfs number

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-Proactive interference

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An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup

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recognition

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CHILDREN can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained

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semantic encoding

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Group 1 is asked to write down the names of seven dwarfs. Group 2 is asked to look at a list of possible names of dwarfs and circle the correct seven

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-Group 2s list provides more retrieval cues making this recognition task easier for them

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Walking into your bedroom you think I need to get my backpack then go downstairs and forget what you came for them go back up and suddenly remember

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context effects

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After learning kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed they recalled this learning

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retrieval cues

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After studying bio all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of chemistry

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-Retroactive Interference

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Ebbinhaus use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to discovery that

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The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning

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"The haystack was important because the cloth ripped"

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-Semantic encoding

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Research on memory construction

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-False memories often feel as real as true memories

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Being asked to explain why a previously observed stranger was feeling angry has been found to influence people's perceptual me,proves of that persons facial expressions

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memory construction

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Process of encoding refers to

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getting info into memory

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When children are interviewed about they recol drinks of sexual abuses

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Involved adults have not discusses the issue with them prior to the interview

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Mnemonic devices such as peg- word

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visual memory

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Incest survivors who lack conscious memories

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-Retrieval failures

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The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses is called

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functional fixedness

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Some people are unable to arrange six matches to form four equilaterL triangles because they fail to consider a three-dimensional arrangement. -Fixation

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fixation

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Injury to the left lobe damages the convergent thinking required for successful performance on intelligence tests.

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parietal

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People have a tendency to search for information that supports their recognitions. What do psychologists call this tendency?

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confirmation buas

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Christmas is to holiday as --- is to ---

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prototype; category

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Anika resisted changing her answer to a test question after reminding herself that it's always best to stuck with your first answer

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-A heuristic

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Which of the following best accounts for peoples greatest fear of commercial air flights than of driving an automobile

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-Perceived control

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On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 20 percent chance of rain so Sheryl took her umbrella to work. On Friday he reported a 80 percent Chance and she didn't bring her umbrella

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framing effect

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The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a t and an n produce words such as tan, ten, tin, and tin

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-Phonemes

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In one experiment, Wolfgang Koehler watched and ape suddenly solve a problem, of reaching bananas hanging from the ceiling by stacking and climbing a number of crates

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insight

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Morphemes are

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-The smallest speech units that carry meaning

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A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver "can you give a ride to the airport for me"

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syntax

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The value of generating positive first impressions in your initial reactions with a new employer is best underscored by the research on

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-Belief perseverance

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After taking two years of college economic courses, Lionel thinks he knows enough

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lionel

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Star, fish, and bowling ball in house

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method of loci

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Participants in one experiment were given fabricated accounts of an occasion in which they had been lost in a shopping mall during their childhood. Many of these participants later falsely recollected vivid details of The experience as have occurred

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-misinformation effect

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Memory of your familiar old e-mail password may block the recall of your new password

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proactive interference

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Th psychologist jean Piaget constructed a vivid detailed memory of being kidnaped after hearing his nurse aids false reports of such an event

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source amensia

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The misinformation effect best illustrates the dynamics of

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memory construction

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The association of sadness with memories of negative life events contributes to

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mood congruent

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Compared with formerly depressed people, those who are currently depressed are more likely to recall their parents are rejecting and punitive

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mood congruent

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Iconic memory is to echo in memory as -- is to --

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Visual stimulation; auditory stimulation

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Memories are primed by

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retrieval cues

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While your mom is lecturing you about cleaning your room, you lose concentration

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Words stored in echo is memory will last for 3 to 4 seconds so you can still recall her words

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Two people learned nonsense syllables and then tried to recall the, after night hours had elapsed. John Jenkins and Karl Dale back observed that forgetting occurred least rapidly when the individuals spent their time

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sleep

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Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of consciousness attention is

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Automatic processing

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When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized

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they often substitute synonyms of some of the words on the original list

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Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money that is actually in the case

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motivated forgetting

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Memory is best defined as

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The persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information

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To remember the information presented in her psych textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences

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semantic encoding

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Our immediate short term memory for new material is limited to roughly ___bits of info

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7

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A mnemonic device is

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memory aid

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Scotty worked to find the solution to a long-division problem. In solving the problem, Scotty would engage in

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convergent thinking

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Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dads key ring until she found the one that unlocked the office door. This problem solving is

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algorithm

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To promote cognitive efficiency, concepts are organized into

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Category hierarchies

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Lavonne was careful to avoid of dangling participles and run on sentences in her essay because she did not want to lose point for faulty

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syntax

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Introductory psychology students performed best on a midterm psychology test if they had previously spent five minutes a day visualizing themselves

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studying effectively

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When given a candle, tasks, and a box of matches and asked to mount the candle on a wall, people often fail to think of using the matchbox as a candleholder which best illustrates

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Functional fixedness

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Every morning, krista pages through a picture book with her 12 month old daughter. For each pic she points to the pic and identifies it by name such as dog. This illustrates which of the following in helping her daughter learn language?

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association

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Scientists are trained to carefully observe and record any research outcomes that are inconsistent with their hypothesis. This practice most directly serves to reduce

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confirmation bias

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The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to

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save time

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Whenever Argo reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance . This best illustrates that creativity may be inhibited by

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extristic motivation

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Unlike the use of algorithms or heuristics, insight does not involve

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Strategy based solutions

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Those who learn sign language as teens never become fluent as children exposed sign language from birth, this illustrates the importance of ____ for mastering language

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critical period

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People are often positively impressed by research that supports their own point of view. Asking the, whether they would have been equally impressed by the same research if it had provided results that disputed their point of view is likely to inhibit

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Belief perseverance

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Students routinely underestimate how much time it will take the, to complete assigned course projects which best illustrates

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overconfidence

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A best example of a category of objects, events, or people is called

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prototype

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An understanding of the distinction between implicit and explicit memories is most helpful for explaining

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Infantile Amnesia

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With respect to the controversy regarding reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, statements by major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that

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adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable

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The process of getting information out of memory is called

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retrieval

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Although Arturo has looked at his watch thousands of times, he is unable to recall whether the watch features arabic or roman numerals. This is most likely due to a failure in

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encoding

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Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jac was introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of

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encoding failure

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Explicit memory is to long term memory as iconic memory is to ____ memory.

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sensory

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A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as _____ memory.

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implicit

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The discovery that words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land best illustrates the value of

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retrieval cues

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Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some experiences with a junior high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Consuela's memory retrieval is an illustration of

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priming

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The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates _______ memory.

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iconic

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After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates

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state-depending

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Deja Vu refers to

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-eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event.

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Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues

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recall

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Compared with adults, children are more susceptible to

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misinforation effect

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Cognitive psychologists are most directly concerned with the study of

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thinking

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The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a

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phoneme

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Which of the following best illustrates functional fixedness

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Wyconna can't find a hammer and doesn't realize she could use her shoe to pound the nail into the wall.

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Generating multiple possible answers to a problem illustrates

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divergent thinking

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Babies' first demonstration of productive language occurs

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-prior to the babbling stage

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Tapes of abducted and brutalized children may lead many parents to experience exaggerated fears of letting their children walk to school. The exaggerated fears best illustrate the impact of

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availability heuristic

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When we use the word automobile to refer to transport vehicles, we are using this word as a

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concept

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A sudden realization of the solution to a problem is called

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insight

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The tendency to search for information consistent with our preconceptions is called

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confirmation bias

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Jacquelyn suffered symptoms so similar to those associated with appendicitis that she erroneously concluded that she need to have her appendix removed. Jacquelyn's conclusion best illustrates the influence of

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-the representativeness heuristic

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Dr. Bloomfield's patient was complaining of feeling worthless and uninterested in typically enjoyable activities. Dr. Bloomfield simply matched those few symptons with the textbook definition of depression and diagnosed the patient with depression. However, her diagnosis may be incorrect as she may be ignoring other pertinent information. Dr. Bloomfield's potential misdiagnosis is most likely due to which of the following

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confirmation bias

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Which of the following best illustrates psychology's current understanding of the relationship between thinking and language

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-thinking affects language, which then affects our thoughts

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Clive Wearing, Dory, and Lucy from Fifty First Dates cannot make new long-term memories. They are suffering from

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-anterograde amnesia

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Miss Jan De Jong is orderly, neat, fairly quiet, and shy. She enjoys reading in her spare time and belongs to a social club that includes three librarians, nine real estate agents, and eight social workers. A tendency to conclude that Jan must be one of the three librarians would illustrate the powerful influence of

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the representative heuristic

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People have a tendency to search for information that supports their recognitions. What do psychologists call this tendency?

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confirmation buas

psych chapter 11 – Flashcards

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