question

Keith has won the lottery and now has more money than he ever dreamed of having. This incident will likely affect Keith's development and is an example of a:

answer

nonnormative life event.

question

Lynne, 5, loves to draw and color. She represents the world with words and her drawings. According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, Lynne is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

answer

preoperational

question

Erik Erikson's developmental theory consists of _____ stages that last from the first year of life to:

answer

eight; late adulthood.

question

Cohort effects are due to all of the following EXCEPT

answer

Actual age of individual

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons older individuals are happier and report more satisfaction with their lives?

answer

An increase in physical problems

question

Two-year-old Julia is learning to talk, and her parents would say that her favorite word is "no." This would be considered normal for a child in Erik Erikson's life-span stage of:

answer

autonomy versus shame and doubt.

question

Dr. McLean has designed a study to test the cognitive skills of people in their thirties, fifties, and seventies where data is collected over the course of a day through a series of tests. What type of research approach is Dr. McLean using?

answer

Cross-sectional

question

_____ age is an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age.

answer

Psychological

question

_____ processes refer to changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language.

answer

cognitive

question

Dr. Wilman is researching the place women occupy in families in Japan and the U.S. Dr. Wilman is conducting a(n) _____ study.

answer

cross-cultural

question

_____ psychology emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.

answer

Evolutionary

question

Tristan has a genetic disorder that results from an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks. His doctor told Tristan's mother that he has:

answer

Fragile X syndrome.

question

Joshua, 2, has been diagnosed with _____, a blood disorder that limits the body's oxygen supply and can cause joint swelling and heart and kidney failure. This genetic disorder can be treated through penicillin, pain medication, antibiotics, and blood transfusions, and his doctor has indicated that a study named Baby HUG may offer a better drug in the future.

answer

sickle-cell anemia

question

The _____ provides an environment that is temperature- and humidity-controlled, as well as shockproof.

answer

amniotic fluid

question

Rachel loves to read books and also encourages her daughter to read by regularly taking her to the local library and buying her lots of books. Rachel's daughter is now an avid reader. This reflects a(n) _____ correlation.

answer

passive genotype-environment

question

A mistake by the cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation, may produce a _____, which is a permanently altered segment of DNA.

answer

mutated gene

question

The _____ prevents large molecules like red blood cells and harmful substances, such as most bacteria and maternal wastes, from entering the fetus.

answer

placental wall

question

_____ is a stage in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.

answer

Fertilization

question

Emma and Anna are identical twins who were adopted by different families a few weeks after birth. Although genetically identical, they grew up with different physical and psychological characteristics. For example, though both inherited a tendency to grow large, Anna was slim and athletic due to the active lifestyle practiced in her adoptive family. This variability can be explained by how:

answer

for each genotype, a range of phenotypes can be expressed.

question

Which of the following is an example of a passive genotype-environment correlation?

answer

Parents who have a genetic predisposition to be musically inclined encourage their children to learn how to play a musical instrument.

question

Feelings or affects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his/her well-being, are known as:

answer

emotions

question

John Bowlby argued that infants develop a(n) _____ model of attachment.

answer

internal working

question

When an infant puts her thumb in her mouth to help soothe herself, the infant is exhibiting:

answer

the ability to inhibit or minimize the intensity and duration of emotional reactions.

question

According to Erikson, _____ are keys to establishing a basic trust in infants.

answer

physical comfort and sensitive care

question

In the Aka pygmy culture in Africa, fathers:

answer

spend as much time interacting with their infants as mothers do.

question

In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that _____ percent of the children they studied could be classified as difficult.

answer

10

question

Which of the following best exemplifies the difference between how mothers and fathers interact with their children?

answer

Fathers are more physical with their children.

question

Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. Researchers call this type of smiling:

answer

social smiling.

question

The interactions between parents and infants are described as _____ when all is going well.

answer

reciprocal

question

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) _____ child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.

answer

slow-to-warm-up

question

Infants usually double their birth weight by the age of:

answer

four months.

question

_____ are tiny gaps, or junctions, between neurons' fibers.

answer

Synapses

question

Nadine's doctor is assessing her fine motor skills, thus they are going to look at her ability to:

answer

perform finely tuned movements like using a pencil.

question

Baby Luis is interacting with grandma and makes gurgling sounds in the back of his throat to express his pleasure. This demonstrates:

answer

cooing

question

The cerebral cortex has two _____, each of which is further divided into four _____.

answer

hemispheres; lobes

question

The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the:

answer

top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom.

question

In the "sticky mittens" research project, it was found that:

answer

the infants in the mitten group developed grasping skills earlier.

question

All of the following are elements of a rich verbal environment EXCEPT:

answer

Watching television with your child

question

A form of communication that is based on a system of symbols is called:

answer

language

question

Baby Jane, three days old, is shown four drawings: a bright blue square, a white oval, a yellow circle, and a drawing of a face. In view of Fantz's work, which drawing would she probably prefer to look at?

answer

The face

question

Jean Mandler argues that early categorizations are best described as _____ categorization. That is, the categorizations are based on similar features of objects such as size, color, and movement, as well as parts of objects, such as legs for animals.

answer

perceptual

question

Benji starts calling his father "Dad," but he also calls all men that he sees "dad." According to Piaget, this error is due to:

answer

assimilation

question

Rebecca says, "Milk spill." Her grandfather replies, "Yes, the milk spilled on the floor." This is an example of:

answer

expanding

question

Remembering how to swim is an example of:

answer

implicit memory.

question

Baby Kendra, who is 6 days old, is presented with two breast pads. One comes from her mother, and the other has not been used. Which one will Kendra probably prefer?

answer

Kendra will prefer her mother's breast pad.

question

Which of the following statements about perception in infants is true?

answer

Newborns cannot hear soft sounds quite as well as adults can.

question

Franz believes that we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us and that perception is designed for action. He is most likely holding a(n) _____ perspective.

answer

ecological

question

Child-directed speech is the:

answer

unique way that parents (and others) talk to babies.

question

Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere is due to:

answer

lateralization.

question

Infants who spent most of their time sleeping during the night as opposed to during the day

answer

showed higher levels of executive function at age 4.

question

A recessive gene exerts its influence only if:

answer

both genes in a pair are recessive.

question

The fetus that Calista is carrying has reached the age of viability, meaning that it has a chance of surviving outside of the womb. Therefore, it can be inferred that Calista is _____ weeks pregnant.

answer

24 to 25

question

In terms of teratogenic effects, X-ray radiation is an example of:

answer

an environmental hazard.

question

Which maternal age group has increased risk of low birth weight, preterm delivery, and fetal death?

answer

Thirty-five years and older

question

The period that follows the birth of a child is called:

answer

postpartum.

question

According to evolutionary psychology, the observed advantage in spatial skills for men over women might be the result of:

answer

the need to track and slay one's food to survive.

question

Which of the following is TRUE of the stages of childbirth?

answer

The first stage is the longest of the three birth stages.

question

_____ is a stage in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.

answer

Fertilization

question

A mistake by the cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation, may produce a _____, which is a permanently altered segment of DNA.

answer

mutated gene

question

Charlie is a cooperative, attentive child who is a favorite at home and school and receives positive, instructive responses from adults. This is indicative of a(n):

answer

evocative genotype-environment correlation.

question

Travis spends a great deal of time working and trying to establish his career. He is also wondering if he should move in with his girlfriend and about their long-term prospects. Travis is most likely in the _____ period of development.

answer

early adulthood

question

Brittany is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Her thoughts are more logical, abstract, and idealistic. She is also experiencing rapid physical changes such as gains in height and weight. Which of the following periods of development is Brittany most likely in?

answer

Adolescence

question

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, a person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood constitute his/her:

answer

microsystem.

question

In predicting an adult woman's behavior, it may be more important to know that she is the mother of a 3-year-old child than to know whether she is 20 or 30 years old. This reflects the concept of:

answer

social age.

question

Dr. Berenstein holds the view that behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that a true understanding of development requires analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind. Dr. Berenstein can be described as a(n):

answer

psychoanalytic theorist.

question

Dr. Nasrin believes that associating behavior with consequence can shape the probability of a behavior occurring. He is arguing that _____ conditioning is important for behavioral modification.

answer

operant

question

Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how _____ guide(s) cognitive development.

answer

culture and social interaction

question

_____ has the longest span of any period of development and the number of people in this age group has been increasing dramatically.

answer

Late adulthood

question

When she was a child, Anna's home was wrecked by a tornado and her neighbor was killed. More than 30 years later, she is still terrified of storms. This is an example of how a ____ event can influence a person's development.

answer

nonnormative life

question

_____ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion.

answer

Psychoanalytic

question

Which of the following statements about caregivers of resistant babies is likely to be true?

answer

They tend to show little synchrony when interacting with the children.

question

In terms of managing and guiding infants' behavior, which method is MOST common for infants 12 months old?

answer

Diverting attention

question

Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants?

answer

Synchronous

question

The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth. It requires the infant to:

answer

move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his/her mother and a stranger.

question

In the Strange Situation, Latoya basically ignored her mother, was not upset when she left the room, and did not seek her out when she returned. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Latoya as:

answer

insecure avoidant.

question

When put on the floor to play, baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up, though, Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away. Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine is:

answer

insecure resistant.

question

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which of the following occurs during phase 3?

answer

With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.

question

Juan has been showing marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play; he goes around imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running. Juan is probably:

answer

between 18 and 24 months old.

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of reciprocal socialization?

answer

It is bidirectional.

question

According to developmental psychologists, the best time to soothe an infant is:

answer

right before the infant gets into an intense, agitated state.

question

Juan-Carlos was born full term but was underweight for his gestational age. He would be considered:

answer

small for date.

question

_____ mainly focuses on the isolation and examination of fetal cells circulating in the mother's blood and analysis of cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma.

answer

Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD)

question

Recent studies suggest that depression during pregnancy, physical abuse, and a migrant status were all predictors of:

answer

postpartum depression.

question

Klinefelter syndrome affects:

answer

only males.

question

Which of the following organs or systems develops FIRST in prenatal development?

answer

Spinal cord

question

Sylvia is almost nine months pregnant and very close to her delivery date. The doctors have found that she has an active case of genital herpes. Which of the following is the best course of action to prevent Sylvia's baby from contracting the disease?

answer

Perform a cesarean section

question

Mary and Jim are expecting a child, and prenatal diagnostic procedures have confirmed that the fetus has _____, a neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities. Their physician has explained that this gene-linked abnormality could be treated with corrective surgery at birth, orthopedic devices, and physical or medical therapy.

answer

spina bifida

question

Naveen is entering the third stage of childbirth, also known as the _____ stage.

answer

afterbirth

question

Which maternal age group has increased risk of low birth weight, preterm delivery, and fetal death?

answer

Thirty-five years and older

question

In human beings, by the end of meiosis, each egg or sperm has _____ chromosomes.

answer

23 unpaired

question

When children experience cognitive conflict in trying to understand the world, they shift from one stage of thought to the next. For example, experiencing conflict with peers may lead to an attempt to reduce conflict. The mechanism through which this shift occurs is called:

answer

equilibration

question

Recent research supports the notion that _____ are the easiest words to learn.

answer

nouns

question

By the second birthday, a toddler's brain is about _____ percent of its adult weight.

answer

75

question

Which of the following is a requirement of joint attention?

answer

An ability to track another's behavior

question

The fiber that carries signals away from the neuron's cell body is called a(n):

answer

axon

question

Amanda is 6 days old. Which of the following statements about Amanda's hearing is true?

answer

Amanda is more able to hear high-pitched sounds than low-pitched sounds.

question

The portion farthest from the spinal cord is known as the:

answer

forebrain

question

When two individuals focus on the same object or event, it constitutes:

answer

joint attention

question

In which of the following circumstances should the mother NOT breast feed her baby?

answer

If she has AIDS

question

If we were concerned with speed of electronic signals, which of the following would help information travel faster?

answer

Myelination

question

According to Piaget's theory, two processes underlie children's cognitive construction of the world:

answer

organization and adaptation.

question

A recent television documentary concluded that, from birth, girls are more nurturing than are boys. You agree with this because you believe nurturing is an evolutionary trait passed on through the generations, because females needed to be more nurturing to aid the survival of the species. Your view reflects the _____ perspective of development.

answer

ethological

question

The _____ involves the culture in which individuals live.

answer

macrosystem

question

The belief that no single theory of development is adequate to explain the rich complexity of life-span development reflects the _____ theoretical orientation.

answer

eclectic

question

"You can't teach an old dog new tricks." This old saying refutes Paul Baltes' life-span perspective that views development as being:

answer

plastic

question

The idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that development is:

answer

lifelong

question

Mary is 3 years old and in preschool. Identify the development period that Mary is currently in.

answer

Early childhood

question

Dr. Wong is a cognitive developmental theorist, so we know that he will stress the importance of _____ in understanding development.

answer

conscious thoughts

question

The _____ consists of links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context.

answer

exosystem

question

The concept of discontinuity is characterized by:

answer

qualitative change.

question

According to Mary Ainsworth, a(n) _____ infant avoids the mother or is ambivalent toward her, fears strangers, and is upset by minor, everyday separations.

answer

insecurely attached

question

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is the time period of phase 2?

answer

From 2 to 7 months

question

Emotions are influenced by both _____ foundations and by a person's experiences.

answer

biological

question

Jeremy is a securely attached infant; Jason is classified as an insecure infant. Which of the following statements about later functioning for these children is true?

answer

Jeremy is more likely than Jason to have high self-confidence.

question

Infant Angela is frustrated. Her ability to wait longer to express her anger and possibly engage in a self-regulatory strategy like distraction will depend on:

answer

her effortful control.

question

_____ is an emotion that occurs for the first time in infants at some point in the second half of the first year or during the second year of life.

answer

Pride

question

A study of four different cultures found, similarly, that separation protest peaked at about

answer

13 to 15 months.

question

In the game peek-a-boo, the mother initially covers the baby. Then she removes the cover and registers "surprise" at the infant's reappearance. This is an example of:

answer

scaffolding

question

Infants show _____ when they are in familiar settings.

answer

less stranger anxiety

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