Question 1

two types of reinforcing consequenses are

Accepted Answer

positive and negative

Question 2

unconditional response

Accepted Answer

unlearned response that is automatically elicited by a stimulus that produces response without prior learning

Question 3

observation learning is also known as

Accepted Answer

imitation and modeling

Question 4

Bandura four components of observation learning

Accepted Answer

attention,retention,motor reproduction and reinforcement

Question 5

punishment

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response decreases because of unpleasant consequences

Question 6

positive reinforcement

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the frequency of a behavior increases because it followed by desirable stimulus

Question 7

negative reinforcement

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the frequencey of the behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something unpleasant or undesirable

Question 8

operant conditioning/instrumental conditioning

Accepted Answer

a form of associative learning in which consequences of a behavior change the probablity of the behaviors occurance

Question 9

conditioned response

Accepted Answer

triggered by condition stimulus

Question 10

Behaviorism

Accepted Answer

the theory of learning discounts the importance of such mental activities as thinking,wishing, and hoping, and focus only on observable actions

Question 11

primary reinforcer

Accepted Answer

examples are food,water,sexual satisfaction

Question 12

Martin Seligman/Theory of helplessness

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worked with dogs who were exposed inescapable shocks and ultimateley proposed the theory of helplesssness

Question 13

Schedule of reinforcement

Accepted Answer

timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced

Question 14

Ivan Pavlov

Accepted Answer

orginally described classical conditioning

Question 15

Learning

Accepted Answer

a relatively permant change in behavior that occurs thru experience

Question 16

shaping occurs

Accepted Answer

when a dog rolls over for a milkbone

Question 17

conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

involves a previous nuetral stimulus that eventually elicits the conditioned response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 18

generalization

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the tendacy of a new stimulus that is simular to the original CS (conditioned stimulus) to elicit a response to the CR (conditioned responses)

Question 19

extinction

Accepted Answer

the weakening of the condioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent

Question 20

acquisition

Accepted Answer

the initial learning of a connection between the uncondioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimulus are paired

Question 21

habituation

Accepted Answer

individual develops a tolerance for a drug after repeated use (and needs more and more of the substance to get the same effect)

Question 22

classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

every day when Ronnie comes home from work, he opens his garage door and pulls his car into the garage, his dog jonoah , hears the noise of the garage door opening and the car entering the garage before Ronnie comes thru the garage door. now when jonah hears the garage door open jonah runs to the garage door to greet Ronnie

Question 23

unconditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

a stimuluous that produces a response without prior learning

Question 24

discrimination

Accepted Answer

the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others

Question 25

variable ratio schedule of reinforcements

Accepted Answer

a time table in which a behavior is rewarded an average number of times but on a predictable basis (gambling)

Question 26

Skinner box

Accepted Answer

produced operant conditioning by creating positive consequencses for the hungry rat pressing the lever to obtain food

Question 27

associative learning

Accepted Answer

an organism makes a connection between two events

Question 28

neutral stimulus

Accepted Answer

in classical conditioning that does not bring a respons of interest

Question 29

applied behavior analysis

Accepted Answer

the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior

Question 30

Thorndikes Law of effect

Accepted Answer

behavior followed by pleasant outcomesare strengthened by the behaviors followed by unpleasant outcomes are weakened

Question 31

coounterconditioning

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classical condition procedure for weakning a condition response by associating the fear -provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear

Question 32

variable interval schedule

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is difficult when a reward will come because it is slow and consistant

Question 33

delayed punishment

Accepted Answer

sarah is starting to struggle in her general psycology she does not understand the material in her lectures and got behind on her homework she knows if she goes to the professor now the soloution will be much easier than if she waits and gets further behind if sarah decides to wait and see if she can catch up on her own but ended up failing her next test

Question 34

taste aversion

Accepted Answer

special kind of classical condition involving the learned association between a taste and nausea

Question 35

avoidance learning

Accepted Answer

a student who receives one bad grade might thereafter always study hard to avoid the negative outcome of bad grades in the future

Question 36

spontanous recovery

Accepted Answer

the sudden reapperance of an extinguished response

Question 37

sympathetic nervous system

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plays an important role between conditioned stimuli and immune and endocrine function

Question 38

aversive conditioning

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form of treatment that consist of repeat pairing of a stimulus with a very unpleasat stimulus

Question 39

fixed ratio schedule

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a schedule that reinforces a behavior after a set number of behavior is

Question 40

secondary reinforcer

Accepted Answer

reinforcers that are learned by association and are not inately satisfying

Question 41

Bandura

Accepted Answer

belevies that many complex behaviors are the result of exposure to modeling and NOT trial and error learning

Question 42

identify the accurate statement in the context of operant condtioning

Accepted Answer

operate conditioning is a form of associative learning

Question 43

the time interval between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus is referred to as the .

Accepted Answer

contiguity

Question 44

law of effect

Accepted Answer

states that behaviors that are followed by a reward will increase in frequency, whereas behaviors that are followed by a punishment will decrease in frequency.

Question 45

shaping

Accepted Answer

Rewarding an animal for completing behaviors that are closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior is called

Question 46

token economy

Accepted Answer

A child is given a gold star when she does well in class. At the end of the week, she can exchange the stars she has earned for treats. This is an example of a(n)

Question 47

applied behavior analysis

Accepted Answer

Arlene goes to see a therapist to figure out why she keeps talking to her ex-boyfriend even when she finds it upsetting. The therapist attempts to identify what she finds rewarding in these interactions and integrate reinforcements for behaviors that are more healthy for Arlene. The therapist is most clearing using

Question 48

instinctive drift

Accepted Answer

A trainer can teach an animal to engage in behaviors that are similar to those engaged in by humans. However, the animal may revert to the behaviors that are more consistent with its species. This phenomenon is known as

Question 49

latent learning

Accepted Answer

Behavior that is learned but is not displayed until a reward is given is an example of

Question 50

Behaviorists

Accepted Answer

are psychologists who focus solely on observable behaviors and discount mental activities such as thinking.

Question 51

aversive conditioning

Accepted Answer

Trent goes to a behavioral psychologist to help him quit smoking. She gives him a drug that will make him nauseous every time he ingests nicotine. Trent\'s psychologist is most clearing using

Question 52

Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

it is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Question 53

_____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning

Question 54

The _____ in psychology states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

Accepted Answer

law of effect

Question 55

Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as ___

Accepted Answer

the relatively stable, observable changes in a person\'s actions

Question 56

In Pavlov\'s experiments on classical conditioning, prior to associating the sound of the bell with the food, the dog\'s salivation in response to the food was the _____.

Accepted Answer

unconditioned response

Question 57

In operant conditioning, a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur is known as a _____.

Accepted Answer

reward

Question 58

In the context of operant conditioning, _____ refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

Accepted Answer

shaping

Question 59

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning is a form of _____.

Accepted Answer

associative learning

Question 60

___ in operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement

Question 61

In classical conditioning, the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is known as:

Accepted Answer

generalization.

Question 62

In which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning

Question 63

Positive reinforcement in operant conditioning _____.

Accepted Answer

increases the frequency of a behavior

Question 64

An unconditioned response is a(n):

Accepted Answer

unlearned reaction.

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