PSYC 3313 – Human Growth and Development – Chapters 6-10 – Exam 2 – Flashcards
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Research on the long-term effects of participation in child care suggests that, on the whole, _____ a. it is better for a child to be cared for full-time by a parent. b. children placed in child care do not develop normally. c. children may derive benefits as well as disadvantages from being in child care. d. child care does a better job than parental care of preparing children to succeed in school.
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c
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Although infants of different cultures generally display similar kinds of emotions, they often differ in the ___________ of emotional expressivity. a. degree b. frequency c. reaction d. comprehension
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a
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Researchers have identified a class of neurons in the brain that fire not only when an individual enacts a particular behavior, but also when the individual simply observes another organism carrying out the same behavior. These are called _____ a. neural ganglia. b. cerebral cortex neurons. c. cerebellar neurons. d. mirror neurons.
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d
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With what toys does a typical one-year-old girl prefer to play? a. Dolls and trucks b. Trucks and blocks c. Dolls and stuffed animals d. No preference is shown at this age
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c
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What did Harry Harlow's research on infant monkeys illustrate about attachment? a. Attachment has a critical period for bonding, because the infant monkeys refused to bond to any objects once they were several months old. b. Attachment is about contact comfort, because the infant monkeys spent most of their time clinging to soft terry cloth "monkeys." c. Attachment is just about food, because the infant monkeys spent most of their time clinging to wire "monkeys" that provided food. d. Imprinting behavior causes attachment because the infant monkeys imprinted on the first moving object they observed.
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b
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Mothers' interactions with their infants usually revolve around caregiving, whereas fathers' interactions revolve around _____ a. quiet games with verbal and musical elements. b. work-oriented games involving goals. c. organized team sports. d. physical rough and tumble games.
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d
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Because Jacob is a child with a low activity level and low irritability, he will do particularly well in an environment in which he is left to explore on his own. This match between environment and the child's temperament demonstrates the concept of _____ a. appropriate childrearing. b. secure attachment. c. goodness-of-fit. d. social referencing.
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c
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Dr. Ikeda, a developmental psychologist, is evaluating Haley's temperament according to the 9 dimensions identified by Thomas, Chess, and Birch. Dr. Ikeda finds that Haley requires a relatively high level of stimulation to elicit a response. This finding refers to Haley's _____ a. threshold of responsiveness. b. distractibility. c. intensity of reaction. d. rhythmicity, or regularity.
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a
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According to a series of studies examining 7-month-old infants and their abilities to integrate vocal and facial expressions of emotions, researchers found that _____ a. infants paid more attention to the stimulus when the facial and verbal expressions matched. b. infants paid the same amount of attention to the stimulus regardless of whether facial and verbal expressions matched. c. infants showed little interest in the stimuli presented, regardless of condition. d. infants paid more attention to the stimulus when the facial and verbal expressions were mismatched.
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a
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Infants make particular use of ___________ in their social referencing. a. vocal expressions b. facial expressions c. situational context d. verbal cues
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b
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Harry Harlow's experiment with infant monkeys suggested that infants are drawn to their mothers because the mother provides the infant with _____ a. contact comfort. b. verbal stimulation. c. food. d. behavioral modeling.
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a
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The emergence of both stranger anxiety and separation anxiety are linked to infants' increasing _____ a. body weight and nutritional needs. b. ability to remain awake for hours at a time. c. cognitive skills and emotional and social bonds. d. motor skills and muscular strength and coordination.
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c
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According to the personality profiles outlined by Thomas and Chess, babies who show curiosity about new situations have the profile of a(n) ________________________ baby. a. easy b. high-spirited c. slow-to-warm d. difficult
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a
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According to John Bowlby's work on human attachment, attachment is based primarily on an infant's need for safety and _____ a. food. b. social interaction. c. love. d. security.
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d
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When choosing child care, parents should look for a center that is licensed, with manageable group sizes, and a ratio of one adult for every _________ infants. a. 8 to 10 b. 6 or 7 c. 4 to 6 d. 3 or 4
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d
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What is the term that relates to one's sense of being male or female? a. Social role b. Sex c. Social perceptions d. Gender
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d
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The _______ proposes that infants and parents learn to communicate emotional states to one another and to respond appropriately through interactions in games such as pat-a-cake that rely on turn-taking behavior. a. social empathy model b. principle of imprinting c. theory of mind d. mutual regulation model
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d
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Although some infants display _______ around the age of 12 months, most do not react to seeing the "rouge spot" until between 17 and 24 months of age. a. self-anxiety b. self-assessment c. morals d. self-awareness
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d
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One way in which mothers can improve the likelihood of secure attachment in their children is to respond to their needs appropriately. Another name for this communication, in which mothers and children match emotional states, is _____ a. interactional synchrony. b. environmental assessment. c. emotional reciprocation. d. empathic awareness.
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a
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The advances in infants' emotional life over the course of the first year are made possible by the increasing sophistication of their brains. Particularly important in this regard is the development of the _____ a. motor cortex. b. limbic system. c. parietal lobe. d. prefrontal cortex.
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b
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Which child is least likely to demonstrate a high degree of stranger anxiety? a. Lewanda, whose unfamiliar uncle rushes toward her with open arms b. Bobby, who is approached by an unfamiliar child at the park c. Andrew, who is spoken to by two unfamiliar women in the grocery store d. Julia, who is approached by an unfamiliar man at daycare
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b
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Eight-month-old Jaime has begun to exhibit stranger anxiety. If Jaime's stranger anxiety follows the typical pattern, which of the following strangers will cause the most anxiety? a. An adult female b. An adult male c. A male child d. A female child
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b
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According to Erikson, when do we all pass through the trust-versus-mistrust stage? a. Between ages 2 and 5 b. In the first 18 months of life c. In the first year of life d. In the first 5 years of life
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b
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Like most babies, Perri began displaying social smiles when she was a few months old. Now, at 18 months, if Perri smiles at someone and the person is unresponsive, Perri is most likely to _____ a. become angry and yell. b. cry. c. continue smiling just the same. d. stop smiling.
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d
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Nonverbal expression of emotion is fairly consistent among people of all ages; it is also referred to as nonverbal _____ a. attachment. b. encoding. c. retrieval. d. storage.
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b
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Preschoolers acquire vocabulary at a rate of nearly one new word every _____ a. 3 days. b. 5 days. c. day. d. 2 hours.
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d
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The Centers for Disease control recommends approximately a dozen different types of vaccinations for children from birth to age 6. At which of the following ages do children fall into the recommended range for most of these vaccinations? a. 1 to 2 months b. 19 to 23 months c. 2 to 3 years d. 6 to 15 months
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d
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In the United States, the average 6-year-old is about 46 inches tall. Eighty percent of U.S. 6-year-olds weigh an average of _____ a. 76 pounds. b. 68 pounds c. 23 pounds. d. 46 pounds.
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d
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By age 4, children in families receiving welfare assistance were likely to have been exposed to _______ words than children living with professionals and/or affluent families. a. 13 million fewer b. 3 million fewer c. 5 million fewer d. 5,000 more
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a
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Just recently, baby David has greatly improved his speech. He routinely uses plurals, possessives, the past tense, and articles now. He is most likely _______ a. 3 years old. b. 2 years old. c. 15 months old. d. 5 years old.
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a
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Even though ________, the process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other, becomes more pronounced in the preschool years, the brain is resilient and, if damaged, one hemisphere can take up the slack of the other. a. cross-referencing b. hemispheric transference c. lateralization d. transmission
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c
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What is the term Piaget used for the process in which one state is changed into another? a. Centration b. Transformation c. Concrete operations d. Conservation
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b
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When a young child begins to learn how to take turns in conversation, stay on topic, and give appropriate responses such as "please" and "thank you," the child is demonstrating the knowledge of _____ a. fast mapping. b. social speech. c. pragmatics. d. egocentric speech
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c
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________ is the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects. a. Conservation b. Configuration c. Organization d. Centration
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a
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According to Piaget, by age 7, children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases to the level where they are capable of organized, formal, logical mental processes called _____ a. symbolic thoughts b. machinations c. abstract thoughts d. operations
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d
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Research suggests that the age when toilet training takes place has risen over the years. In 1957 and 1999, respectively, what percentage of children was toilet trained by 18 months of age? a. 90% and 75% b. 92% and 25% c. 80% and 40% d. 60% and 50%
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b
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According to research published in 2000 and 2003, _______ was the most popular educational television program for children in the United States, watched by almost half of all U.S. preschoolers. a. Barney and Friends b. Sesame Street c. Rugrats d. Dora the Explorer
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b
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The right hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in all of the following areas EXCEPT _____ a. music and emotional expression. b. comprehension of spatial relationships. c. recognition of patterns and drawings. d. logical thinking and verbal reasoning.
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d
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_______ is the term for the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects. a. Language acquisition b. Centration c. Symbolic functioning d. Concrete operations
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b
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Preschoolers are at risk for injury because of their high activity level, curiosity, and lack of judgment. According to statistics on children's accident rates, which of the following 3-year-olds has a significant risk factor for accidental injuries? a. Nina, who lives in an affluent suburban neighborhood b. Janette, who is Asian American c. Marion, who lives in poverty in an inner-city neighborhood d. Gisella, who is female
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c
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The myelination of this part of the brain, associated with attention and concentration, is completed by the time children are about 5 years old. a. Cerebellum b. Hippocampus c. Reticular formation d. Corpus callosum
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c
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At what age do children typically understand the principle of conservation of volume (e.g., the volume of an object in terms of how much water it displaces)? a. 6 to 7 years b. 14 to 15 years c. 7 to 8 years d. 9 to 10 years
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b
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Psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen describes the differences between the male and the female brain that may solve the puzzle of autism. In his terminology, children with autism have a(n)_____ a. extreme male brain. b. pervasive developmental delay. c. extreme developmental delay. d. extreme level of development.
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a
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On Christmas morning, 3-year-old David opens a gift from his grandmother and finds a new sweater. Disappointed that it is not a toy, David frowns and throws the sweater aside in front of his grandmother, with no regard for her feelings. In this example, David is demonstrating _____ a. egocentric thought. b. intuitive thought. c. centration. d. conservation.
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a
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Which of the following children are most likely to be in a "center-based childcare program?" a. A 5-year-old child b. A 4-year-old child c. A 2-year-old child d. A 3-year-old child
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a
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The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children age 2 and older watch no more than 1 to 2 hours of television per day, yet _______ of households with children age 2 to 7 have the television on "most of the time" in their homes. a. more than 1/3 b. more than 2/3 c. 15% d. 50%
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a
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When discussing the reliability of memories, which of the following is the most vulnerable to suggestion, especially when the suggestion is repeated on multiple occasions over time? a. the memory of a high school student b. the memory of a college student c. the memory of a school-age child d. the memory of a preschool-age child
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d
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Which of the following parts of the brain is most crucial in controlling balance and movement? a. hippocampus b. reticular formation c. corpus callosum d. cerebellum
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d
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About what percentage of preschoolers between the ages of 4 and 6 use a computer on a daily basis? a. 60% b. 50% c. 10% d. 25%
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d
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Which of the following is NOT considered a permanent result of lead poisoning in children? a. Hyperactivity and distractibility b. Lower intelligence and problems with verbal and auditory language processing c. Low weight and inadequate growth/height d. Antisocial behavior, irritability, aggression, and delinquency
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c
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Ms. Whittemore assigns her preschoolers to "try building something today." The children can use blocks and a variety of other "building" materials, and can build things individually or in groups. Ms. Whittemore is encouraging her class to become involved in _______ play. a. functional b. parallel c. constructive d. onlooker
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c
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According to your textbook, approximately _____ percent of children age 3 years and younger play video games, which increases their opportunity to be exposed to violent media depictions. a. 14 b. 23 c. 9 d. 4
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a
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Which of the following represents, from lowest to highest frequency, the types of families that are headed by a single parent? a. Hispanic, Asian American, White b. African American, Native American, Hispanic c. White, Asian American, Hispanic d. White, Hispanic, African American
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d
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Some children are raised in environments of extreme poverty, prenatal stress, violence or other forms of social disorder. What is the term for the ability to overcome adverse circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical damage? a. Cycle of violence hypothesis b. Resilience c. Psychological maltreatment d. Emotional self-regulation
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b
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According to the _______ hypothesis, the abuse and neglect that children suffer predispose them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children. a. reciprocity b. cycle of violence c. inherited behavior d. payback
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b
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Three-year-old Jess is developing a gender schema. According to the cognitive approach to gender development, this means that Jess is _____ a. using his increasing cognitive abilities to develop "rules" about what is appropriate and inappropriate for males and females. b. defining his own gender identity and sexual orientation. c. developing his own ideas about how males and females are biologically different. d. learning to imitate his parents' behaviors.
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a
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Relational aggression is _____ a. most common in girls. b. equally common in boys and girls. c. most common among siblings. d. most common in boys.
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a
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The social learning approach to aggression emphasizes that aggressive behavior is learned through _____ a. innate biological and evolutionarily determined urges. b. written and oral instruction. c. direct, specific teaching. d. observation; particularly the rewards and punishments a child observes.
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d
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What is the term for parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but who also reason with their children by giving explanations for why they should behave a certain way? a. Authoritarian b. Involved c. Authoritative d. Permissive
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c
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Alexis and Haley are friends. If they are 4 years old, their friendship is most likely based on _____ a. intellectual stimulation and cognitive growth. b. building skills through competition. c. the desire for companionship, play, and fun. d. care, protection, and direction.
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c
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If you live in a Western culture, your child is likely to develop a view of the self that reflects a(n) _______. This orientation emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual. a. emotional orientation b. collectivistic orientation c. individualistic orientation d. bias orientation
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c
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The stress, fear, and terror produced by abuse may produce permanent changes in the brain. These changes may include reductions in the size of the _______, which are associated with emotion and memory, respectively. a. cerebellum and brain stem b. amygdala and hippocampus c. corpus callosum and reticular formation d. temporal and parietal lobes
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b
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Three-year-old Michael tells his mother that she should not wear jeans or else she will turn into a man. Michael has not yet developed an understanding of _____ a. gender constancy. b. gender schema. c. gender identity. d. self-concept.
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a
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Supportive parenting is a form of authoritative parenting that includes all of the following _____ a. at least 2 hours per day of physical contact and affection. b. interest and involvement in children's peer activities. c. calm discussion during disciplinary episodes. d. proactive teaching.
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a
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Melissa is sitting at her preschool table playing with a toy truck, while Aaron is sitting next to her playing with a toy car and making quiet engine sounds. These two children never interact together. What type of play are they engaged in? a. onlooker b. associative c. cooperative d. parallel
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d
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Compared with other types of television programs, children's programs contain _______ violent incidents in an average hour. a. half as many b. twice as many c. the same number of d. about 10% more
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b
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What is the term for the theory that the abuse and neglect that children suffer predisposes them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children? a. Psychological maltreatment hypothesis b. Parent-child cycle c. Victim-aggression theory d. Cycle of violence hypothesis
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d
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_______ play involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3-year-olds. It may involve objects, such as dolls or cars, or repetitive muscular movements such as skipping, jumping, or rolling and unrolling a piece of clay. a. Constructive b. Functional c. Parallel d. Onlooker
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b
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There is a group of 4- to 7-year-old children playing a game of tag on the playground, and they play the game rigidly, assuming that there is only one way to play. According to Piaget's approach to moral development, the children are engaging in _____ a. the incipient cooperative stage. b. resilience. c. preschool morality. d. heteronomous morality.
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d
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Which of the following is a part of Freud's Oedipal conflict theory for boys? a. Boys begin to develop sexual interest in their mothers and view their fathers as rivals. b. Boys develop sexual interest in their mothers, and therefore identify with their mothers and begin to develop more feminine behavior. c. Boys begin to identify with their fathers and strive to be as similar to them as possible. d. Boys view their fathers as all-powerful, and develop a fear of retaliation in the form of castration anxiety.
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b
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Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an indication that a child has been abused? a. extreme behavior, including highly aggressive or highly withdrawn/passive behavior b. Inappropriate attire, such as long sleeves and pants in hot weather, to cover marks or bruises c. Engaging in gender-stereotypical behavior associated with the opposite sex (e.g., a girl playing football, a boy playing with dolls) d. Feelings of pain for no apparent reason
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c
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According to the psychoanalytic perspective, what is the term for the process in which children attempt to be similar to their same-sex parent, incorporating the parent's attitudes and values? a. Identification b. Gender identity c. Gender schema d. Oedipal conflict
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a
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Five-year-old Wendell was playing with his friends in kindergarten when one of the children broke a toy. Wendell believes that the child will be punished instantly even though the teacher didn't see the incident. Wendell is exhibiting the concept of _____ a. impaired moral development. b. eminent domain. c. immanent justice. d. heteronomous morality.
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c
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In her preschool and in playgroups, Grace and her friends all play with blocks and share blocks from the same pile. They all tend to make similar structures to each other, but they do not build their structures together. Grace and her friends are engaging in _____ a. cooperative play. b. parallel play. c. associative play. d. onlooker play.
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c
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According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, _______ is the most frequent form of child abuse. a. physical abuse b. drug abuse c. psychological abuse d. neglect
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d
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There are several different types of intelligence that are proposed by the theory of Howard Gardner. One of them, ________ intelligence, is differentiated from the others in its emphasis on problem-solving and analytic skills. a. spatial b. bodily kinesthetic c. logical mathematical d. linguistic
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c
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Jamie's teacher has the students read poems, stories and sentences aloud as they learn to read. They never discuss how to sound out words or learn the rules of phonics. Instead they use a trial and error approach when they read. Jamie's teacher is using a __________________ approach to teach the students to read. a. sound-symbol b. phonemic awareness c. whole-language d. code-based
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c
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Which of the following statements about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is true? a. ADHD is diagnosed through a specific test administered by a trained evaluator. b. The U.S. Surgeon General reported that between 1995 and 1999, the number of children being given stimulants like Ritalin declined significantly. c. Approximately 9% of people between 3 and 17 years of age have ADHD. d. A school-age child who cannot sit still to watch an entire television program most likely has ADHD.
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a
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About what proportion of people in the United States speak a language other than English at home? a. One in three b. Nearly one in five c. Two out of five d. Nearly one in ten
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b
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Intelligence tests most frequently used in schools are based on a common idea that intelligence is a single factor or unitary mental ability, called the _____ a. fluid intelligence factor. b. deviation IQ. c. intelligence quotient. d. g factor.
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d
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In a bicultural approach to education, a Spanish-speaking child would _____ a. receive multicultural education in English. b. receive instruction in Spanish only, with no opportunity to learn English. c. receive instruction in English only. d. receive instruction in Spanish first, then shift as rapidly as possible to include English.
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d
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In the United States, most differences in height and weight are the result of_____ a. gender. b. differences among people's unique genetic inheritances. c. differences in the amount and quality of nutrition to which people have access. d. cultural differences in dietary customs.
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b
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The most common speech impairment is _____ a. dyspraxia. b. myopia. c. echolalia. d. stuttering.
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d
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By what age will a child or adolescent typically be able to manipulate objects with almost as much capability as an adult? a. 11 to 12 b. 3 to 4 c. 8 to 9 d. 5 to 6
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a
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The intelligence test that provides scores of verbal, nonverbal, and overall intelligence is the _____ a. KABC-II b. MMPI-2 c. SB5 d. WISC-IV
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d
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Which of the following is a significant reason for the advances in fine motor skills seen in children 6-8 years old? a. Widespread teaching of piano keyboard skills in first and second grades. b. The amount of myelin in the brain increases, allowing messages to reach muscles faster and control them better. c. The size of the prefrontal cortex increases; this brain region is primarily involved with motor coordination. d. Children have more opportunity to model fine motor skill behavior from others.
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b
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Some scientists believe that an epidemic of _______ may be leading to a decline in life span in the United States. a. asthma b. ADD and ADHD c. obesity d. under nutrition
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c
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Who is the psychologist who used a pragmatic, trial-and-error approach to psychological measurement that continues to serve as the predominant approach to test construction today? a. Kaufman b. Skinner c. Wechsler d. Binet
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d
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Aubrey has learned to read well enough that reading has become a way for him to learn, a means for gaining information about the world. Aubrey has reached which stage of reading competency? a. Stage 1: first and second grades b. Stage 2: second and third grades c. Stage 4: eighth grade and beyond d. Stage 3: fourth to eighth grades
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d
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During the concrete operational stage, which Piaget suggested was from ages 7 to 12, children are _____ a. just beginning to grasp organized, formal, logical mental processes. b. still focused on their own viewpoint and unable to understand someone else's perspective. c. adept at abstract reasoning. d. tied to concrete reality and cannot understand truly abstract questions.
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d
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Memory involves three key processes, the first of which happens when a child initially records information in a form usable to memory. This first process is called _____ a. retrieval. b. encoding. c. listening. d. rehearsal.
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b
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This psychologist proposed that we have at least eight different intelligences, and that they operate in conjunction with one another according to the type of activity in which we are engaged. a. Alfred Binet b. B. F. Skinner c. Howard Gardner d. Raymond Catell
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c
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Mr. Crosby teaches 5th grade. Statistically speaking, his students are most likely to be injured by which of the following? a. Fires or burns b. Playground accidents c. Automobile accidents d. Drowning
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c
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Which psychologist developed an intelligence test that linked intelligence and school success, and whose legacy continues to provide reasonable indicators of a student's ability to be successful in school? a. Kaufman b. Skinner c. Binet d. Wechsler
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c
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Which of the following describes the central argument of the controversial book The Bell Curve by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray? a. IQ tests are biased against African American students. b. IQ scores are unrelated to success in adult life. c. The average 15-point IQ difference between whites and African Americans is due primarily to heredity. d. The average 15-point IQ difference between whites and African Americans is due primarily to environment.
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c
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Research suggests that Piaget was right when he argued that concrete operations were _____ a. universally achieved during middle childhood. b. typically achieved by 2- to 5-year-olds. c. never achieved by a large percentage of adults. d. unimportant in the cognitive development of school-age children.
answer
a
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At age 6, Kristen and Lin are able to have conversations in which they take turns speaking, but their statements have little relevance to each other. Elliot and Marshal are 11 years old. When they converse, each statement is relevant to what the other child has previously said. This is an example of children's increasing mastery of _____ a. semantics. b. pragmatics. c. grammar. d. cooperative learning.
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b
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What is the name of an intelligence test that is administered orally, in which test-takers are given progressively more difficult problems until they are unable to proceed? a. Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children b. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales c. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children d. Binet Intelligence Test
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b
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The major focus of schooling in the 21 century tends to focus on_____ a. a child's self-esteem and social well-being. b. the educational fundamentals (reading, writing, and arithmetic). c. allowing students to choose study topics based on their interests. d. each child's developmental abilities.
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b
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Children often use formal techniques for organizing information in a way that makes it easier to aid their recall of specific material. These techniques are called _____ a. mnemonics. b. cognitive techniques. c. pegboards. d. key word strategies.
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a
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Cultural norms in African American families tend to be highly supportive of grandparents taking an active role in child care, and three-generation families who live together are more prevalent among African American than Caucasians. Such families are called _____ a. multigenerational families. b. mixed families. c. blended families. d. step families.
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a
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Which one of the following activities takes up the most time of a typical child's day? a. Watching television b. Playing c. Eating meals d. Sleeping
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d
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In the industry-versus-inferiority stage, children strive to meet the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the world around them. This stage lasts roughly from ages ____ a. 5 to 9. b. 8 to 11. c. 6 to 12. d. 8 to 14.
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c
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Twelve-year-old Reggie isn't sure if he is good enough for the middle school basketball team. As he looks around the gym, he sees that other boys at the tryout seem to be less prepared. Reggie has just engaged in _________________ to determine how good he is at basketball. a. self-esteem inflation b. self-concept enhancement c. social comparison d. self-esteem qualification
answer
c
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When a student attributes the cause of a successful event to external, or ________, factors, they tend to feel pride. a. diathetic b. dispositional c. native d. situational
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d
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Overall, popular children tend to have a collection of social skills that permits them to perform successfully in social settings. What is the term for these skills? a. Status b. Social competence c. Morals d. Social problem-solving
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b
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The concept of emotional intelligence was made highly popular by the best-selling book by psychologist ________ a. Andrew Solomon. b. Charles Spearman. c. Daniel Goleman. d. Robert Sternberg.
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c
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Some of the first-graders in Mrs. Henry's class consistently surpass the other children in gaining greater access to games, toys, books, information, and other resources. These children have _______ than their classmates. a. higher intelligence b. higher self-esteem c. higher status d. more highly developed fine motor skills
answer
c
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During middle childhood, boys and girls tend to form friendships based on different criteria. One key difference has to do with status because: _____ a. Girls try to outdo each other in gaining superior status, whereas boys try to minimize their own status and elevate others. b. Girls seek out status differences, whereas boys maintain equal-status friendships. c. Boys look to adults to determine the status hierarchy, whereas girls adhere to a rigid status hierarchy of their own making. d. Boys seek out status differences, whereas girls maintain equal-status friendships.
answer
d
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Why is it that approximately 300,000 children are removed from their homes in a given year? a. For reasons of abuse or neglect b. Because of inadequate schools in the community c. Because of the death of their parents with no relative able/willing to take over parenting duties d. Because of severe mental illnesses in the child that the parents are unable to deal with
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a
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Although families have myriad individual differences, researchers have found some consistencies related to race. Which of the following groups tend to have the largest family size? a. Hispanic b. Asian American c. African American d. Caucasian
answer
a
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Brandon is 12 years old and popular among his classmates. He is friendly, shares willingly with others, and has a great sense of humor. If Brandon is high in social competence as typical popular children are, which of the following characteristics is he most likely to have? a. He has good control over his nonverbal behavior and therefore presents himself well. b. He often shows off by being disruptive and aggressive. c. He does not interpret others' nonverbal behavior or understand others' emotions very well. d. His sense of humor does not extend to appreciating his peers' attempts at humor.
answer
a
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Mark and Tamara are stepsiblings living in a blended family. They each often feel uncertain about their responsibilities and how to behave toward their stepparents. This uncertainty is known as_____ a. self-care. b. role ambiguity. c. step-confusion. d. coregulation.
answer
b
question
About 10 to 15% of students bully others at one time or another; bullying is observable as early as _____ a. preschool. b. middle school. c. infancy. d. elementary school.
answer
a
question
Eleven-year-old Tina characterizes herself as a smart, friendly person who is helpful to others. Tina's self-understanding, like that of most children her age, is based on _____ a. external, physical attributes. b. what her family and friends think of her. c. emotional qualities. d. psychological characteristics.
answer
d
question
Sometimes school-age children break gender barriers and interact with members of the opposite sex; for example, girls may threaten to kiss boys, or boys may try to get girls to chase them. This type of behavior is known as _____ a. gender assimilation. b. border work. c. androgyny. d. social competence.
answer
b
question
When asked how good she is at puzzles, Johanna evaluates herself and her abilities in terms of an objective, hypothetical standard. She does not take into consideration how good she is compared to other children her age. Johanna has not yet begun to use _____ a. self-conceptual processes. b. social competition principles. c. social comparison processes. d. hypothetical standards.
answer
c
question
Sally and Beth are sixth graders. Sally wants Beth to go to the movies with her. Which of the following statements is Sally likely to use to get Beth to go? a. "Let's go to the movies." b. "You have to go to the movies with me." c. "I want you to go the movies with me." d. "I want to go to the movies."
answer
a
question
Knowing what is morally right does not always mean acting that way. When given an opportunity to cheat, _______ of students who reasoned at Kohlberg's highest (postconvential) level cheated. a. 10% b. 15% c. 2% d. 5%
answer
b
question
Which of the following psychologists developed the Three Stages of Moral Development for Women? a. Gilligan b. Kohlberg c. Baumrind d. Parten
answer
a
question
Which of the following descriptions best characterizes friendships in middle childhood? a. Boys and girls tend to remain primarily in same-sex friendship networks. b. Girls typically have larger networks of friends than do boys. c. Boys are much more likely than girls to engage in activities considered more appropriate for the opposite sex. d. Boys and girls begin playing in larger groups that include both males and females.
answer
a
question
In 1997, the average child spent her/his time doing many different things. Which of the following is the task on which children spent the least average amount of time? a. Watching television b. Sports c. Playing d. School
answer
b
question
Nine-year-old Teresa lives with her mother and younger brother; she sees her father only rarely. The consequences for children living in single-parent homes are largely dependent on which of the following factors? a. Whether the custodial parent is the mother or the father, the child's gender, and the amount of television the child watches b. The family's ethnic background, amount of time the parent spends with the child, and the number of siblings present c. The family's economic status, the amount of time the parent is able to spend with the child, and the degree of stress in the household d. The family's ethnic background, their economic status, and the amount of television the child watches
answer
c
question
According to William Damon's stages of friendship model, how might Sammy (who is 5 years old) respond to the question, "How do you know that someone is your best friend?" a. "A friend is someone who is kind and puts my feelings first." b. "A friend is someone you can count on to help you when you need it." c. "A friend is someone I can play with a lot and who knows how to share really well." d. "A friend is someone you can talk to about things that are bothering you and who will stick with you no matter what."
answer
c
question
According to research, all of the following are potential side effects of parental divorce _____ a. children feel a sense of divided loyalty. b. children experience depression, anxiety, or sleep disturbances. c. children are more at risk for incarceration later in life. d. children are more at risk for experiencing divorce themselves later in life.
answer
c
