Exploring Psychology- Chapter 1 – Flashcards
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The early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to review the structure of the human mind.
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Structuralism
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Why did introspection fail as a method for understanding how the mind works?
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It required smart, verbal people and results varied from person to person and experience to experience.
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Early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes work to allow us to adapt, survive, and flourish.
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Functionalism
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What event defined the start of scientific psychology?
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In 1879, at a German University, Willhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory.
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John B Watson dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as _______.
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The scientific study of observable behavior.
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Behaviorism studied behavior without reference to ______ _______.
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Mental processes
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_________ psychologists drew attention to ways that current environmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential, and the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied.
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Humanistic
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________ psychology scientifically explores how we perceive, process, and remember information.
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Cognitive
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The current definition of psychology is:
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The scientific study of behavioral and mental processes.
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How did the cognitive revolution affect the field of psychology?
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It reintroduced early emphasis on mental processes and made them legitimate topics of scientific study.
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What two fields influenced psychology?
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Biology and philosophy
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The long standing debate the looks to determine whether nature (genes) or nurture (environment) contributes more.
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Nature v Nurture
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What is the modern day viewpoint of the nature vs nurture debate?
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Nurture works on what nature endows.
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The principle that nature selects traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
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Natural selection.
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What are the three main levels of psychological analysis?
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Biological, Psychological, and socio-cultural.
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What approach incorporates all thee levels of psychological analysis?
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The Biopsychosocial approach.
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List three biological influences.
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Genetic predisposition, brain mechanisms, and hormonal influences.
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Name three psychological influences.
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Learned fears/expectations, emotional responses, cognitive processing.
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Name three social-cultural influences.
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Presence of others, cultural and family expectation, peer influences.
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A perspective that focuses on how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.
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Neuroscience
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A perspective that focuses on how natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes.
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Evolutionary
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A perspective that focuses on how our genes and environment influence our individual differences.
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Behavior genetics
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A perspective that focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.
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Psychodynamic
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A perspective that focuses on how we learn observable responses.
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Behavioral
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A perspective that focuses on how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
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Cognitive
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A perspective that focuses on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.
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Social-cultural
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What advantage do we gain by using the biopsychosocial approach in psychological events?
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By incorporating different levels analysis, we are provided a more complete view than any one perspective could offer.
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Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
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Basic research
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Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
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Applied research
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An individual that helps people cope with challenges and crises and to improve their personal and social functioning.
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Counseling psychologist.
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An individual that can assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.
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Clinical psychologist.
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An individual that is a medical doctor licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders.
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Psychiatrist
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Why do we study psychology?
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To better understand the way people think, feel, and act as they do.
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List three common mistakes during scientific study:
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Hindsight bias, over-confidence, and perceiving order in random events.
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List three scientific qualities.
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Curiosity, Humility, Skepticism.
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"Smart thinking" that examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions.
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Critical thinking
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Explanation using a set of principals to organize observations, and predict behaviors/events; predicts.
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Theory
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A prediction that can be tested
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Hypothesis
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Statements of procedures used to define research variables.
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Operational definitions
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Repeating research in order to see how valid/consistent it is.
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Replication
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What three research methods can test our hypothesis and refine our theories?
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Descriptive method, correlation methods, and experimental methods.
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What are the three examples of the descriptive research method?
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Case study, surveys, naturalistic observation
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Type of descriptive research method that examines one individual in depth in hope of revealing things true of us all.
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Case study
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A descriptive research method that watches and records individual's behavior in their natural setting.
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Naturalistic observation
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A descriptive research method that uses self reports in which people answer questions about their behavior or attitude.
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Survey
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A type of survey in which every person in the entire group has an equal chance of participating
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Random sample
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What is an unrepresentative sample?
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A survey that does not accurately represent the population being studied.
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A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
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Correlation
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Correlation coefficient
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A statistical measure of correlation. 0-1.0 for positive correlation. -1.0 - 0 for negative correlation.
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Indicates a direct relationship. Two things increase of decrease together.
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Positive correlation
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Indicates an inverse relationship. As one thing increases, the other decreases.
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Negative correlation
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A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process.
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Experiment
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In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is to one version of the independent variable.
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Experimental group
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In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
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Control group
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Assigning participants to experimental control groups by chance.
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Random Assignment
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Perception of a relationship where none exists.
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Illusory correlation
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A study in which neither the participant or the administrator know which group is receiving the treatment.
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Double blind procedure
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Experimental result caused by expectation alone.
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Placebo effect
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What measure do researchers use to avoid the placebo effect?
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Participants are randomly assigned to the experimental group or control group. A comparison of the results will demonstrate whether the real treatment produces better results than belief in that treatment.
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The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
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Independent variable
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A factor other than the independent variable, that might produce and effect in an experiment.
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Confounding variable
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Experiments aim to ______ an independent variable, _______ a dependent variable, and ______ confounding variables.
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Manipulate, measure, control.
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Using _____ ______ and _____ ______ we are able to isolate the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
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Control conditions and random assignment.
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Shared ideas and behaviors that one generation usually passes to the next.
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Culture
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What does SQ3R stand for?
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Survey, Question, read, rehearse/retrieve, review.
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Unifying theme of psychology meaning it was acquired through direct observation.
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Psychology is empirical.
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Unifying theme of psychology meaning there is not one single theory to explain everything.
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Psychology is theoretically diverse.
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Unifying theme of psychology showing a connection between culture and time.
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Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
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Unifying theme of psychology that behavior is influenced by biological, psychological, and social culture.
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Behavior is determined by multiple causes.
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Unifying theme of psychology that indicates that an interaction of nature and nurture determine our behavior.
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Heredity and Environment jointly influence our behavior.
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Unifying theme of psychology that indicates that we as individuals see our world through our own experiences.
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People's experience of the world is highly subjective.
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Focus on inner sensations, images, and feelings.
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Introspection
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List the three psychological subfields:
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Basic research, applied research, and clinical application.
