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social psychology

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study of how others influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions

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attribution

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How we explain our own and others' actions

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fundamental attribution error (FAE)

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Attributing people's behavior to internal (dispositional) causes rather than external (situational) factors

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saliency bias

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Focusing on the most noticeable (salient) factors when explaining the causes of behavior

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just-world phenomenon

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Tendency to believe that people generally get what they deserve

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self-serving bias

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Taking credit for our successes and externalizing our failures

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attitude

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Learned predisposition to respond cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally to a particular object

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cognitive dissonance

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Unpleasant tension and anxiety caused by a discrepancy between an attitude and a behavior

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prejudice

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A learned, generally negative, attitude toward members of a group; includes thoughts (stereotypes), feelings, and behavioral tendencies (possible discrimination)

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stereotypes

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A set of beliefs about the characteristics of people in a group that is generalized to all group members; also, the cognitive component of prejudice

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discrimination

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Negative behaviors directed at members of a group

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ingroup favoritism

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Viewing members of the ingroup more positively than members of an outgroup

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outgroup homogeneity effect

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Judging members of an outgroup as more alike and less diverse than members of the ingroup interpersonal attraction Positive feelings toward another

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interpersonal attraction

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Positive feelings toward another

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proximity

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Attraction based on geographic closeness

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need complementarity

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Attraction toward those with qualities we admire but personally lack

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need compatibility

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Attraction based on sharing similar needs

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Sternberg's triangular theory of love

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The fullest form of love, consummate love, depends on a healthy degree of three components—intimacy, passion, and commitment

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romantic love

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Intense feeling of attraction to another within an erotic context and with future expectations

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companionate love

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Strong and lasting attraction characterized by trust, caring, tolerance, and friendship

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conformity

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Changing behavior because of real or imagined group pressure

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normative social influence

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Conforming to group pressure out of a need for approval and acceptance

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norm

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Cultural rule of behavior prescribing what is acceptable in a given situation

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Informational social influence

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Conforming because of a need for information and direction

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reference groups

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People we conform to, or go along with, because we like and admire them and want to be like them

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obedience

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Following direct commands, usually from an authority figure

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deindividuation

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Reduced self-consciousness, inhibition, and personal responsibility that sometimes occurs in a group, particularly when the members feel anonymous

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group polarization

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Group's movement toward either riskier or more conservative behavior, depending on the members' initial dominant tendency

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groupthink

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Faulty decision making that occurs when a highly cohesive group strives for agreement and avoids inconsistent information

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aggression

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Any behavior intended to harm someone

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frustration-aggression hypothesis

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Blocking of a desired goal (frustration) creates anger that may lead to aggression

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altruism

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Actions designed to help others with no obvious benefit to the helper

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egoistic model

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Helping that's motivated by anticipated gain—later reciprocation, increased self-esteem, or avoidance of distress and guilt

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empathy-altruism hypothesis

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Helping because of empathy for someone in need

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diffusion of responsibility

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The dilution (or diffusion) of personal responsibility for acting by spreading it among all other group members

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foot-in-the-door technique

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A first, small request is used as a setup for a later, larger request

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implicit bias

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Hidden, automatic attitude, which may serve as a guide to behaviors independent of a person's awareness or control

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Which group do you think rated the boring experimental task as more enjoyable? the group paid $1 each to convince someone else the task was interesting the group paid $20 each to convince someone else the task was interesting both groups rated the task as very dull and boring the group who refused to tell a lie

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the group paid $1 each to convince someone else the task was interesting

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According to cognitive dissonance theory, people may change their attitudes to reduce _____ caused by conflicting attitudes and behaviors. logical arguments criticism internal discomfort or tension beliefs

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internal discomfort or tension

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What is the term for a learned predisposition to respond cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally toward a particular object? dissonance attitude feeling consistency

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attitude

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Psychologists view an attitude as having three major components: feelings, rationale, culture. motivations, thoughts, postures. thoughts, feelings, behavior. investment, commitment, procurement.

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thoughts, feelings, behavior.

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When a person has an attitude about something, it can be referred to generally as: an attitude object. a pet peeve. motive focus. the attitude subject.

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an attitude object

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Psychologists refer to something as an attitude if it is: strong or weak, positive or negative. not as neurotic as an obsession. critical or negative. strong enough to overwhelm instincts

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strong or weak, positive or negative

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the cognitive element of an attitude: is what distinguishes an attitude from a bias. is a predisposition to act in a certain way toward the attitude object. is easier to change than a feeling. refers to thoughts and beliefs a person has toward the attitude object

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refers to thoughts and beliefs a person has toward the attitude object

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The feelings a person has toward an attitude object: always come before the thoughts are formed. are known as the affective component of the attitude. can be completely separate from their attitude toward it. make up the behavioral element of the attitude

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can be completely separate from their attitude toward it.

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The predisposition to act in a certain way toward an attitude object: is based on inherited instincts. is the behavioral component of an attitude. provides a starting point from which an attitude is built. is the affective element of an attitude

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is the behavioral component of an attitude.

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Attitudes are: inherited from our parents. subject to change by social persuasion or events. learned during a critical period and then remain fixed. altered by events but not experiences

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subject to change by social persuasion or events.

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Cognitive dissonance is: an internal discomfort that can lead to attitude change. the thoughts and beliefs a person has toward an attitude object. the sum of all your attitudes toward a pair of contrary beliefs. a process for getting people to express their attitudes.

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an internal discomfort that can lead to attitude change.

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Research suggests that people try to maintain consistency: by keeping compatible thoughts, feelings, and behavior toward an attitude object. by always keeping the same attitudes no matter what. by changing all their attitudes simultaneously. by waiting to see the attitudes of others before taking a stand.

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by keeping compatible thoughts, feelings, and behavior toward an attitude object.

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According to cognitive dissonance theory, when events create inconsistency between our attitudes and our actions: we will change either our attitude or our behavior so that the two will become consistent again. we will develop amnesia to resolve the conflict. we will naturally go over all the evidence, pro and con, before coming to a decision. our attitude will prevent us from feeling any tension

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we will change either our attitude or our behavior so that the two will become consistent again.

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A classic study of cognitive dissonance by Festinger and Carlsmith: was a failure because the research subjects became bored. was difficult to complete because word got out that it was boring. only worked when subjects refused to lie. created internal tension in research subjects by getting them to say something different than they felt

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created internal tension in research subjects by getting them to say something different than they felt

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If all research subjects behaved in the same way (telling a lie), why would a low-paid subject be more likely to change their own attitude than a high-paid subject? because the passage of time allowed the subject to recall his experience of the task more clearly because the subject could not go back and change his behavior because a high-paid subject could rationalize his lie more easily than could a low-paid subject because a student would not want to say something negative about a professor's work

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because a high-paid subject could rationalize his lie more easily than could a low-paid subject

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Which types of kids are more likely to be influenced by ads for alcohol? kids who drink heavily older adolescents younger adolescents kids who do drugs often

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kids who drink heavily

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What do the brain scans of young drinkers suggest about them? kids who drink heavily don't care about ads they are at risk for drug abuse they pay more attention to alcohol ads most teens get no pleasure from ads

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they pay more attention to alcohol ads

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In a PET scan which color represents higher brain activity? red orange green blue

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orange

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Research on men and women who are deeply in love suggest a different pattern of brain stimulation. In women, areas that control which functions seem to be stimulated? visual stimuli arousal memory learning

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memory

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According to anthropologists what did men need to know about women in order to decide on a good mate? she must be a good parent could she gather enough food women must look healthy women should be subservient

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women must look healthy

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According to the video, what triggers the reward centers in the brain? certain kinds of food gazing at a beloved designer drugs steady exercise

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gazing at a beloved

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All of the following are documented side effects of steroid use EXCEPT learning disability stunted growth acne baldness

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learning disability

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According to researchers, steroid use in teens clearly produces low frustration tolerance low self-esteem aggressive esteem a sense of superiority

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aggressive esteem

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Which neurotransmitter serves as the brake for aggression? acetylcholine serotonin vasopressin norepinephrine

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serotonin

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Jake is getting poor grades in his algebra course. His instructor assumes that Jake must be lazy and immature. The instructor is making a _______________ attribution. dispositional situational correlational none of the above

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dispositional

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Ryan believes that his good grades in his business classes are the result of his strong work ethic and high intelligence. However, he believes that his poor grades in psychology are the result of an unskilled and vindictive instructor. Ryan's thinking is an example of _____________. the fundamental attribution error self-serving bias cognitive dissonance saliency bias

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self-serving bias

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People native to Eastern countries are less likely than Westerners to demonstrate which of the following biases? the fundamental attribution error self-serving bias cognitive dissonance both a and b

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both a and b *** the fundamental attribution error self-serving bias

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Cognitive dissonance is most prevalent in _____ cultures. higher SES collectivist interdependent individualistic

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individualistic

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Elizabeth has harbored negative feelings toward obese people and blames their obesity on poor self-control and laziness. However, once she takes a sedentary job that requires a lot of overtime, she becomes significantly overweight herself. Elizabeth no longer has such intense negative feelings toward obese people nor does she blame their obesity on character flaws. Her attitude change is most likely the result of ________________. saliency bias cognitive dissonance the fundamental attribution error the outgroup homogeneity effect

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cognitive dissonance

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Which statement does NOT illustrate a component of an attitude toward marijuana? a predisposition to vote against the legalization of marijuana hallucinating while under the influence anxiety regarding the dangers of marijuana the belief that marijuana is unsafe

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hallucinating while under the influence

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Marcus has a tendency to view his Hispanic coworkers as all sharing similar characteristics. This bias is referred to as _____________. outgroup homogeneity effect self-serving bias groupthink ingroup favoritism

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outgroup homogeneity effect

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Lynn and Sheila are very close friends and tend to admire qualities in each other that they themselves lack. Psychologists refer to this as _____________. cognitive dissonance self-serving bias need complementarity need compatibility

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need complementarity

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Research supports which of the following statements about physical attractiveness? Attractive individuals are seen as more poised, interesting, cooperative, achieving, sociable, independent, intelligent, healthy, and sexually warm. Premature infants rated as more physically attractive by the nurses caring for them thrive better during their hospital stay, gain weight quicker, and are released earlier. Even when convicting defendants of comparable crimes, judges tend to give longer prison sentences to unattractive versus attractive defendants. All of the above statements are supported by research findings

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All of the above statements are supported by research findings

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Which of the following statements is FALSE? We are more likely to like someone who is "opposite" of us. Most people judge others more harshly than they judge themselves. Looks are the primary factor in our initial feelings of attraction, liking, and romantic love. Romantic love rarely lasts longer than 30 months

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We are more likely to like someone who is "opposite" of us.

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Sandy does not approve of the intense and sudden relationship that has developed between her teenage daughter and a male schoolmate. She forbids her daughter to see or speak to this young man. According to research findings, what is likely to happen as a result? The teenagers' feelings of romantic love will decrease only if the mother is successful in keeping them apart. The teenagers' feelings of romantic love are unlikely to change. The teenagers will discover that their attraction was simply a short-lived infatuation. The teenagers' feelings of romantic love will increase

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The teenagers' feelings of romantic love will increase

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Bob asked his friend for advice about which brand and model of computer to buy and followed her advice. This is an example of ____________. groupthink normative social influence informational social influence obedience

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informational social influence

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Legitimate authority, distance between the teacher, participant and learner (victim), and _____________ were several of the reasons participants in Milgram's study obeyed the researchers. lack of empathy letting others assume responsibility the saliency bias the self-serving bias

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letting others assume responsibility

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Which of the following concepts offers a plausible explanation for why otherwise well-adjusted, normal people may become part of an angry mob at a soccer game? Deindividuation may increase aggression. The self-serving bias is more likely to be made within the context of a large group. Cognitive dissonance within a group may make violence more likely. None of the above statements offers plausible explanations.

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Deindividuation may increase aggression.

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Appointing a devil's advocate in a cohesive group would _____. lead to chaos, resentment, and dissolution of the group obstruct the group's decision-making efforts have no effect on group decision-making improve the group's decisions by including more perspectives

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improve the group's decisions by including more perspectivesobstruct the group's decision-making efforts

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Lynn is an artist who cannot get a painting to look the way she wants it to look, and her anger begins to build. Finally, she throws the palette into the sink and takes her argument out on her husband. Which of the following concepts explains her anger best? the risky shift frustration-aggression hypothesis egoistic model empathy-altruism hypothesis

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frustration-aggression hypothesis

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If you were being mugged on a busy sidewalk, which of the following would be most likely to get you the help you need? crying forlornly and looking helpless fighting with the mugger yelling, "Help, help!" pointing to a specific person and asking them to call the police

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pointing to a specific person and asking them to call the police

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In a famous murder case the victim, Kitty Genoves, was heard screaming for help by thirty-eight neighbors as she was being stabbed. However, only one of those neighbors belatedly called the police. Which of the following concepts offers the BEST explanation for why her neighbors did not respond immediately? egoistic model outgroup homogeneity effect diffusion of responsibility phenomenon cognitive dissonance theory

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diffusion of responsibility phenomenon

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Shaniqua is a subject in an experiment in which she is asked to press a "no" button whenever she sees a photograph depicting an elderly person with a stereotypical trait. She presses the "yes" button when she sees a photograph of an elderly person with a trait not normally associated with the elderly. This activity is an example of which approach to combat prejudice? increased contact cognitive retraining cognitive dissonance cooperation and superordinate goals

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cognitive retraining

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If a homeowner allows a salesperson to give him a small gift, he is more likely to agree to buy something. This is an example of which of the following? the foot-in-the-door technique coercion empathy-altruism hypothesis none of the above

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the foot-in-the-door technique

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Which of the following statements about physical attractiveness across cultures is FALSE? Women are judged as more beautiful if they are youthful in appearance. Flirting is a simple way to increase attractiveness. For women, maturity is the most important factor in attracting a male mate. Men and women of approximately equal physical attractiveness tend to select each other as partners.

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For women, maturity is the most important factor in attracting a male mate.

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The study of how other people influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions is called _____. sociobehavioral psychology sociology social science social psychology 1

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social psychology

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You and a friend are watching a ballgame. The batter misses. You believe this is because the sun is setting and probably cast a glare in his eyes. Your friend believes this is because the batter lacks talent. You made a _____ attribution and your friend made a(n) _____ attribution. circumstantial; personal realistic; biased correct; incorrect situational; dispositional 5

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situational; dispositional

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_____________ is a tendency to believe that people generally get what they deserve. Situational Self-servicing bias Just-World Phenomenon Fundamental attribution error 8

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Just-World Phenomenon

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One explanation for why people commit the fundamental attribution error is _____. the self-serving bias the obviousness bias the saliency bias prejudice 11

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the saliency bias

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Regarding an attitude toward birth control, being fearful of unwanted pregnancy reflects the ______component of attitude. Affective Behavioral Cognitive Situational 20

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Affective

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According to cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following advocates of managed care services for mental health is MOST likely to change his or her attitude? Jeanette, who is paid dollar-sign1 for arguing against managed care Homer, who is paid dollar-sign50 for arguing against managed care Belinda, who had to argue against managed care to save her job None of these advocates are likely to change their attitudes about managed care 27

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Jeanette, who is paid dollar-sign1 for arguing against managed care

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Which of the following is an example of a prejudice? All blondes are dumb. All men are strong. All Asians are smart. All of these options 32

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All of these options

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Who is MOST likely to learn a prejudice against a new group of people? Angela watches a movie in which members of this group are demeaned. Gabriel hears his parents and friends make derogatory statements about members of this group. Kema demeans a member of this group and experiences a rise in his own self-esteem. All of these children are learning to be prejudiced. 38

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All of these children are learning to be prejudiced

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People will attack an alternate target group rather than the real source of their frustration when the source is either bigger and retaliatory, or when the source is ambiguous or unknown. This is the _____ explanation for prejudice. outgroup projected frustration displaced aggression scapegoat 45

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displaced aggression

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Physical attractiveness is important in attraction across cultures because it _____. is so rare indicates good health, good genes, and high fertility is our most obvious characteristic all of these options 51

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indicates good health, good genes, and high fertility

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Research on the mere exposure effects suggests that we will like a photograph of ourselves better if it is _____, and our friends will prefer our photograph if it is _____. reversed; reversed not reversed; not reversed reversed; not reversed not reversed; reversed 60

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reversed; not reversed

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Need for ______________ is the attraction toward those with qualities we admire but lack, and need for _____________ is the attraction based on sharing similar needs. similarity; congruence simplicity; complexity compatibility; complementarity complementarity; compatibility 65

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complementarity; compatibility

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Romantic love is usually based on _____. illusions delusions hallucinations all of these options 70

answer

illusions

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According to your text, a MAJOR role of romantic love may be that it _____. keeps us attracted long enough to move on to companionate love decreases natural suspicion and animosity between the sexes insures sexual contact that will pass on your genetic material makes life worth living 74

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keeps us attracted long enough to move on to companionate love

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After the first week at his new school, Gratias had his hair cut the way others were wearing theirs and started tucking in his shirt the way other boys on campus did in order to fit in. This is an example of _____. normative social influence an outgroup wannabe gang influence ingroup favoritism 83

answer

normative social influence

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Lincoln thought he smelled smoke for a second. He looked at others in the classroom and at the teacher. No one seemed concerned, so Lincoln continued taking his test along with his other classmates. This is MOST likely an example of _____. stupidity focused attention informational social influence a need for approval 87

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informational social influence

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A set of behavioral patterns connected with particular social positions is called a _____. Stigma Role Schema Persona 98

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Role

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The idea that the blocking of a desired goal creates anger, which may lead to violent actions is known as the _____. displaced anger theory frustration-aggression hypothesis thwarted goal hypothesis impulsive anger theory 116

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frustration-aggression hypothesis

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Undoing negative associations and learning positive ones, and selectively attending to similarities rather than differences are examples of _____. cognitive retraining superordinate goals modeling empathy 137

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cognitive retraining

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A social influence technique in which a first, small request is used as a set-up for later requests is known as _____. the infiltration technique the low-ball technique ingratiation the foot-in-the-door technique 141

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the foot-in-the-door technique

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