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C6--Jean Piaget p 183

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The developing brain creates schemes to construct an understanding of the world. (theory stating that children actively construct their understanding of the world as our bodies change. and go through 4 stages of cognitive (learning) development as we physically age and the environment changes)

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C6-- Renee Baillargeon p 188

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Researched infants' reactions to a physically impossible event. (study object permanence in young children;the results of this study showed that children developed object permanence earlier than Piaget proposed. Thus understand how the world works at a much earlier age).

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C6 -- Eleanor Gibson p 189

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Was a pioneer in crafting the Ecological (Perception) View of Development. The view proposed by ______________ that people directly perceive information in the world around them. Perception bring people incontact with the environment in order to interact with it and adapt to it

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C6 -- Elizabeth Spelke p 189

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developed Core Knowledge Approach states that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems. Among these domain-specific knowledge systems are those involving space, number sense, object permanence, and language

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C6 -- Mark Johnson p 190

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he believed that infants likely come into the world with "Soft bias to perceive and attend to different aspects of the environment and to learn about the world in particular ways". (Nature vs Nurture discussion)

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C6 -- Rochel Gelman p193

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A child is more likely to conserve when attending to relevant aspects of a task

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C6 -- David Elkind -- p 191

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Adolescent geocentricism consist on an imaginary audience and personal fable.

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C6 -- Lev Vygotsky p 199

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cognitive skills have their origins in social relations.

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C6 -- K.Warner Schaie p 205

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adults often switch from acquiring knowledge to applying knowledge

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C6 -- William Perry p 205

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adolescent absolute/dualistic thinking gives way to reflexive thought.

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Gisela Labouvie-Vief p 205

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to understand cognitive changes in adulthood it is necessary to consider how emotional maturity might affect cognitive development

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Piaget developed and proposed his theories of cognitive development during the

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mid-1900

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Piaget gathered the information for his theories about cognitive development by

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Observing his own three children

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_________ is an example of a cognitive scheme.

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sorting by color

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According to piaget, the incorporation of new information into an existing scheme is called:

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assimilation

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Tim likes to explore his parents' house through touch. one day he touches the oven and burns his hand. Tim learns that although some objectives are safe to touch, oven are not. According to Piaget. this is an example of :

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Accommodation

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How many stages of cognitive development did Piaget identify?

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four

question

Piagetian stages during which understanding of the world comes about through the sensory experiences and motor actions is called _________stage.

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SensoriMotor

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According to Piaget, during the first sensorimotor substage, infants' behaviors are:

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Reflexive

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When D'andre was 5 months old, he looked at a toy train, but when his of the train was blocked, he did not search for it. Now that he is 9 months old, he does search for it, reflecting his development of:

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Object Permanence

question

The first sub-stage of pre operational thought is the __________ substage.

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Symbolic Function

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Piaget's most famous conservation task study involved:

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Identical beakers of liquid

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Much of the new research on cognitive development in children suggests that Piaget's theory:

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Needs to be modified.

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The Piagetian concept in which an infant searches for a hidden object in a familiar location rather than looking for it is a new location is called:

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The AB error

question

While talking with grandma on the phone, Jake suddenly exclaims,"Oh, look at that pretty red bird!",when his grandma ask him to describe the bird, Jake says, "out there, out there! right there grandma"! He finally gets frustrated and says good-bye. this is an example of:________

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Egocentrism

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A young child might be heard saying, "the moon is smiling at me." the child's belief that he moon has "human" qualities and is capable of action is referred to as:

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animism

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In Piaget's Theory, "operation" refers to:

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Internalized mental actions

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A mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next is called:

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Equilibration

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___________ is clearly evidenced in young children's lack of conservation when they focus their attention on one characteristic (such as height or length) to the exclusion of other characteristics.

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Centration

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To understand the relationships among relatives on a family tree, children need to be able to use the skills of:

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Classification

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Tyrell understands that his father can also be a son and a brother, all at the same time. this suggest that Tyrell is in the ______ stage.

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Concrete Operational

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During what stage of development can a child take a pile of rocks and place them in order from largest to smallest?

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concrete operation (different)

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Reversible mental actions are called:

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operational

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According to Piaget, _____________ operational thought comes into play between 11 and 15 years of age.

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Formal

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In Piagetian terms, the cognitive ability to solve problems that develop in adolescence is called:

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Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

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Research suggest that the age at which individuals acquire conservation skills is associated with:

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the degree to which their culture provides relevant practices.

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According to David Elkind, personal fable and imaginary audience are part of adolescent:

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egocentrism

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Stephanie, a 15 year old high school student, is afraid to go to school because of a small pimple on her forehead. This exemplifies the concept of:

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Imaginary Audience

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Which of the following educational practices is supported by Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

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Classrooms should be less structured, allowing for discovery learning.

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Developmentalists who argue that Piaget got some things right, but that his theory needs considerable revision are called:

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neo-Plagetians

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Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development is similar to Piaget's theory in that it:

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emphasis that children actively construct their knowledge and understanding

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Task in the upper limit of the zone of proximal development (ZPD), are ones that:

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are too difficult for a child to preform on his or her own.

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A toddler is likely to learn something in a zone of proximal development if:

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the task is more difficult that the child can do alone.

question

___________occurs when a teacher adjusts his or her level of support and guidance to the level of skill of:

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Scaffolding

question

Which of the following reflects Lev Vygotsky's belief about language and thought?

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All mental functions have social origins.

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Latoya talks to herself often, especially when she is trying to solve a difficult problem, Vygotsky would say Latoya is:

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Using private speech to organize and regulate her thinking.

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Vygotsky's theory of cognitive best reflects a (n) __________approach

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social constructivist

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With respect to adult cognitive processes, psychologist K. Warner Schaie concluded that:

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Adults likely do not go beyond formal operational thought, but they do progress in how they use their intellect.

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Life-span development students often complain, "Why do we have to learn all of theses theories?, Why don't you just teach us the right one?' this complaint reflects ___________thinking.

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Absolutist, dualistic

question

Postformal thought is considered to be:

answer

Provisional

question

Piaget used the terms Assimilation, _____________ and accommodation

answer

adaptation

question

Vygotsky's theory was criticized in that it does not adequately describe how changes in ________________ capabilities contribute to cognitive development.

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socioemotional

question

Piaget identified how children develop, use them:

answer

-schemes -assimilation and accommodation -organization -equilibrium and disequilibrium -equilibration

question

Schemes

answer

actions or mental representations that organize knowledge

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Behavioral schemes (physical activities) characterize ___.

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infancy

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Mental schemes (cognitive activities) develop in ___.

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childhood

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Assimilation

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incorporate new information or experience into existing knowledge schemes.

question

Accommodation

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adjust existing schemas to take innew information and experiences

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Organization

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grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order cognitive system.

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Organization undergoes __ refinement.

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continual

question

Organization and cognitive organization of ___.

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experiences.

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Equilibration

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explanation of cognitive shift (qualitative) from one stage of thought to next.

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Disequilibrium

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cognitive conflict motivation for change

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Equilibrium

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resolve conflict through assimilation and accommodation, to reach a new balance of thought.

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Theory; unifies experiences and biological maturation to explain ___ ___.

answer

cognitive development.

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Theory: motivation is ___ search for equilibrium.

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internal

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Theory: four stages of development... progressively __ and qualitatively different.

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advanced

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Sensorimotor 0-2yrs

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experiences and biology combine; concepts of object permanence, habits

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Preoperational 2-7yrs

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symbolic thinking reflective of use of words and images

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Concrete operation 7-11yrs

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logical reasoning about concrete events;concepts of conservation,classification,serial ordering

question

Formal operational 11-15yrs

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abstract thinking,logical,hypothetical reasoning, idealistic

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1.Simple reflexes (0-1mo.)

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sensation and actions coordinated through reflexes.

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2.First habits and Primary Circular reactions (1-4mo.)

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behavior without stimulus,repetitive actions

question

3. Secondary circular reactions (4-8 mo.)

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object-oriented,repetition of actions due to consequences

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4. Coordination of Secondary reactions (8-12 mo.)

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coordinates vision and touch, hand and eye;goal-directed

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5. Tertiary circular; novelty, curiosity (12-18mo.)

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purpose in exploration, start of curiosity, interest in novelty

question

6. Internalization of schemes (18-24 mos.)

answer

ability to use primitive symbols, shift to mental manipulation

question

During sensorimotor stage infants construct ___ of world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor actions.

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understanding

question

Some abilities develop earlier:

answer

intermodal perception;sustainability and permanence of object.

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No general __ onhow development changes in cognition and nature-nurture issue.

answer

theory

question

Symbolic functioning (2-4yrs)

answer

gains ability to mentally represent an object that is not present

question

Egocentrism

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inability to distinguish own view from another's view

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Animism

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lifelike qualities given to inanimate object

question

Intuitive thought (4-7yrs)

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use of primitive reasoning, seeks answers to al sorts of questions

question

Centration

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focusing attention on one characteristic ro exclusion of all other

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Conservation

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object or substance amount stays same regardless of changing

question

Seriation

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involves stimuli along quantitiative dimensions (e.g length)

question

Transitivity

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relationships between objects- if (a) equals (b) and (b) equals (c), then (a) equals (c)

question

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

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cognitive ability to develop hypotheses, and systematically find best ways to solve problem

question

Adolescence develop personal fables

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sense of uniqueness and invincibility.

question

Imaginary audience

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that aspect of adolescent ego centrism that involves feeling one is the cent of attention and sensing that one is on stage.

question

Piaget and education:

answer

-take a constructive approach -facilitate rather than direct learning. -consider childn's knowledge, level of thinking -use ongoing assessment -promote the student's intellectual health -turn classroom into exploration,discovery setting.

question

Piaget's contributions vision of children as ___, ___ thinkers.

answer

active constructive

question

Criticisms of theory

answer

-some estimates of children's competence is inaccurate -development not uniformly stage-like -effects of training underestimated -culture and education influence development

question

Children actively construct their knowledge and understanding through:

answer

-social interactions -society provides tools for learning -minds are shaped by cultural context -language very important in this process

question

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

answer

range of tasks too difficult for child to master alone;can be mastered with guidance and assistance from more-skilled person.

question

Scaffolding

answer

changing level of support over course of a teaching session to fit child's current performance level;dialogue is important tool

question

Child uses language to __, __, and __ behavior.

answer

plan, guide, monitor

question

Language and thought initially develop ___ then ___.

answer

independently then merge

question

Private speech (3-7yrs)

answer

language of self regulation;self talk

question

Inner speech

answer

child's thoughts

question

Piaget's view on cognitive changes in adulthood is that

answer

thinking qualitatively in formal operations same as adolescents.

question

Adults have more ___.

answer

knowledge

question

Research shows many adults don't reach highest level until ___.

answer

adulthood

question

Research shows many adults don't use _____

answer

formal operational thinking.

question

Realistic

answer

idealism decreases in face of real world constraints

question

Pragmatic

answer

switch from acquiring knowledge to applying it

question

Adults move away from __ thinking of adolescence.

answer

absolutist

question

Adulthood "worldview" is

answer

subjective

question

Greatest influence on thinking in adulthood is

answer

education

question

Postformal thought is

answer

-reflective, realistic, and contextual -provisional -realistic -open to emotions and subjective

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