Intro. to Criminal Justice Ch. 10-13 - Flashcards

question

Intermediate sanctions are also sometimes termed ________.

answer

alternative sentencing strategies

question

Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of probation and parole?

answer

relative lack of punishment

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Mary is sentenced to probation. The conditions of her probation include: maintain employment, possess no firearm, obey all laws, and meet with her probation officer biweekly. These ________ conditions apply to all probationers in the jurisdiction where she was sentenced.

answer

general

question

Which of the following statements about probation is false?

answer

Convicted murderers and rapists cannot be sentenced to probation

question

Discretionary release is granted by ________.

answer

a parole board

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Which of the following is NOT a function of a probation or parole officer's work?

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4 functions: presentence investigations, intake procedures, diagnosis and needs assessment, and client supervision *-NOT assistance to prosecutors by conducting arrests and investigations*

question

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using probation instead of imprisonment?

answer

Advantages 1. lowers cost 2. increases employment opportunities for offenders 3. increases the likelihood that restitution will be paid *-NOT provides the offender with many opportunities to interact with other convicted offenders*

question

Which Supreme Court case provides procedural safeguards to parolees at revocation hearings?

answer

Morrissey v. Brewer

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Which model emphasizes probation and parole officers' service role and views probationers and parolees as clients?

answer

Social work model

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Which type of sentence requires that offenders serve weekends in jail and receive probation supervision during the week?

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Mixed sentence

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Which of the following sentences is NOT an example of an intermediate sanction?

answer

30 days in jail

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Which intermediate sanction resembles a military-style boot camp?

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shock incarceration

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________ was the first state to have a shock incarceration program.

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Georgia

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What type of probation in Georgia includes at least five face-to-face contacts between officer and probationer each week and requires that probationers have a mandatory curfew, have a job, and submit to weekly alcohol and drug testing?

answer

intensive

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House arrest is a valuable alternative to prison for ________.

answer

Offenders with special needs

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Revocation of probation or parole ________.

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requires a hearing to determine if the conditions of probation or parole were violated

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In Samson v. California the U.S. Supreme Court held that ________.

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the police may search a parolee for the sole reason that he or she is on parole

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A sentencing alternative that requires offenders to spend at least part of their time working for a community agency is known as ________.

answer

Community service

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The Serious Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) has found that ________ reduce(s) recidivism.

answer

Vocational and work release programs

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The Federal Probation System was ________.

answer

authorized by the National Probation Act of 1925.

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Which of the following is NOT cited as a disadvantage of probation and parole?

answer

c

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Which Supreme Court case held that a probationer should have the opportunity for counsel before a deferred prison sentence can be imposed?

answer

Mempa v. Rhay

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Which Supreme Court case held that parole boards do not have to specify the evidence used in deciding to deny parole?

answer

Greenholtz v. Nebraska

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Probation is sanctioned by the ________.

answer

court

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Which U.S. Supreme Court decision ruled that probation officers may search a probationer's residence without a search warrant?

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Griffin v. Wisconsin

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What is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States?

answer

Probation

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Which of the following sentences is a prisoner reentry strategy?

answer

Parole

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Nationwide, approximately what percentage of inmates successfully complete parole?

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52%

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Who makes federal parole decisions?

answer

The United States Parole Commission

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Which of the following is not one of the most frequent violations for which revocation occurs?

answer

Armed robbery

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Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott declined to extend the exclusionary rule to searches conducted by ________ even when such searches yield evidence.

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Parole officers

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Which type of sentence requires that offenders serve time in a local jail before a period of supervised probation?

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Split sentence

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Who makes the release decision when an offender is sentenced to shock parole?

answer

the parole board

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Which of the following intermediate sanctions exposes offenders to a highly regimented environment involving strict discipline, physical training, and hard labor?

answer

Shock incarceration

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What is often described as the strictest form of probation for adults in the United States?

answer

Intensive probation supervision

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Which of the following is an early release option under which an inmate who is deemed "low risk," due to physical or mental health conditions, is released from prison earlier than he or she might have been under normal circumstances?

answer

Medical parole

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Women account for about what percentage of the country's jail population?

answer

13%

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Which Supreme Court case held that overcrowding in prisons is not by itself cruel and unusual punishment?

answer

Rhodes v. Chapman

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________ capacity refers to the inmate population the institution was originally built to handle.

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Design

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The use of prison chain gangs, the abolition of parole, and an emphasis on individual responsibility and punishment are aspects of the ________ model of imprisonment.

answer

Justice

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What is the jail strategy that joined "podular/unit architecture with a participative, proactive management philosophy"?

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direct supervision

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Inmates are generally housed in dormitory-like settings and are free to walk the yard in ________-security institutions.

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Minimum

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Which of the following statistics accurately describes today's prison population?

answer

About 68% of state prisoners lack a high school diploma.

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________ capacity is the number of inmates that a facility can effectively accommodate based on an appraisal of the institution's staff, programs, and services.

answer

Operational

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________ incapacitation is a strategy that would imprison almost all serious offenders.

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Collective

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________ incapacitation seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals.

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Selective

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Most people sentenced to federal prisons have been convicted of ________ crimes.

answer

Drug

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All death-row inmates are held in ________ prisons.

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maximum-security

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Today, a typical American prison is ____________.

answer

Minimum or medium custody

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How many security levels are there in the federal prison system according to the Bureau of Prisons classification?

answer

5

question

The largest growth group in jails nationwide is ________.

answer

Females

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Jails that are built and run using the combined resources of a variety of local jurisdictions are called ________.

answer

Regional jails

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Which of the following Supreme Court cases held that correctional officers employed by a private firm are not entitled to qualified immunity from suits by prisoners?

answer

Richardson v. McKnight

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The ________ is the most secure prison ever built by the federal government.

answer

ADMAX at Florence, Colorado

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According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, an African American male living in America today has approximately a ________ lifetime chance of going to prison.

answer

32

question

When did many states adopt Objective Prison Classification Systems?

answer

1980s

question

The majority of this country's jail inmates are ________.

answer

Members of minority groups

question

Which state became the first in modern times to reinstitute the use of the prison chain gang?

answer

Alabama

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Which term refers to the size of the inmate population a facility can handle according to the judgment of experts?

answer

Rated capacity

question

How many institutions are there in the federal prison system?

answer

103 institutions

question

High-security facilities in the federal prison system are called ________.

answer

US penitentiaries

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Medium- and low-security facilities in the federal prison system are called ________.

answer

Federal correctional institutions

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Operational capacity is ________.

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the number of inmates a prison can effectively accommodate based on management considerations

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Which state has the lowest rate of imprisonment?

answer

Maine

question

Which of the following is NOT a historical factor that contributed to today's high rate of imprisonment?

answer

an all out campaign for legalization of gun ownership and use of illicit drugs

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________ and ________ are nearly tied as the second most common type of offenses for which inmates were sentenced to state prisons.

answer

Property crimes and drug crimes

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Most states use a(n) ________ system to assign inmates to custody levels based on offense history, assessed dangerousness, perceived risk of escape, and other factors.

answer

Classification

question

Which of the following refers to ultra-high-security prisons?

answer

administrative maximum

question

Which level of prison security often has chain-link fences topped with barbed wire?

answer

medium-security

question

Which of the following is NOT a dimension that can be used to measure prison crowding?

answer

c

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Which of the following is NOT one of the operators running private prisons in the United States?

answer

Federal correctional workforce

question

Female officers working in jails ________.

answer

are disproportionately skewed toward jobs in the lower ranks

question

Prison language is also called ________.

answer

Prison argot

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An enclosed facility separated from society both socially and physically, where the inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives, is called a ________ institution.

answer

total

question

The socialization of new inmates into the prison subculture is called ________.

answer

prisonization

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Which of the following authorizes an inmate's claims against the United States for money damages, for injury or loss of property caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee in the government while acting within the scope of his office or employment?

answer

Federal Tort Claims Act

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The ________ model of prison culture suggests that inmates bring values, roles, and behavioral patterns from the outside world.

answer

Importation

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John Irwin described the lifestyle of an inmate who takes advantage of the positive experiences the prison has to offer as a(n) ________.

answer

opportunist

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In The Society of Captives, Gresham Sykes described the pains of imprisonment, or the ________ that prisoners experience.

answer

deprivations

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Which of the following terms is prison slang for an informant?

answer

Rat

question

Which Supreme Court case provided a balancing test as the guideline for most inmate rights cases?

answer

Pell v. Procunier

question

With regard to religious freedom, the government shall NOT impose ________ on the religious exercise of the prisoner.

answer

a substantial burden

question

A career offender, who is generally supportive of inmates' values in a women's prison, is called a ________.

answer

Cool

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Many sexual aggressors in prison must continue to participate in gang rapes because they ________.

answer

want to avoid becoming victims themselves

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Which Supreme Court case set the precedent that disciplinary actions by prison officials could NOT be brought against the inmates without appropriate due process?

answer

Wolff v. McDonnell

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Within a few years following the end of the hands-off doctrine, the ________ intervened in the running of prisons in numerous states.

answer

Federal courts

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The ten years between 1970 and 1980 have been called the ________ of prison riots.

answer

"explosive decade"

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Which word describes aggressive men who assume the masculine role in homosexual relations in male prisons?

answer

Wolf

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Prisoners rights, because they are constrained by the legitimate needs of imprisonment, can be ________.

answer

thought of as conditional

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The ________ is the type of prisoner who thinks of prison as home and feels more comfortable institutionalized than on the streets.

answer

colonizer

question

Which type of prisoners picture themselves as political prisoners?

answer

radicals

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"Rookie" correctional officers learn through socialization that ________.

answer

The ideals of professionalism stressed in training are rarely translated into reality

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More than half of the children of female prisoners never visit their mothers during the period of incarceration. The lack of visits is due to all of the following reasons, EXCEPT that the ________.

answer

children live with their fathers

question

Which of the following is NOT a cause of prison riots?

answer

Causes: 1. Insensitive prison administration 2. Previous lifestyle of most inmates 3. Dehumanizing prison conditions 4. Regulation of inmate 5. Power vacuums *-NOT multiple treatment opportunities for inmates*

question

The Sentencing Project says that ________ American citizens across the nation are barred from voting because of previous felony convictions.

answer

3.9 million

question

Which state has the largest number of female prisoners?

answer

Texas

question

Of the women entering prisons, about________ have at least one child younger than age 18.

answer

70%

question

Streetwise young women with little respect for traditional prison values are called ________.

answer

crack kids

question

________ among female inmates is very high.

answer

Substance abuse

question

Rhodes v. Chapman dealt with which inmate issue?

answer

double-celling

question

Challenges to prison conditions by inmates, which are brought under the Eighth Amendment, must show ________ by the officials responsible for the conditions.

answer

deliberate indifference

question

Suits formally requesting that the person detaining a prisoner bring him or her before a judicial officer to determine the lawfulness of the imprisonment are called ________.

answer

writs of habeus corpus

question

A wanton disregard by corrections personnel for the well-being of inmates is called ________.

answer

deliberate indifference

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A(n) ________ is a formalized arrangement, usually involving a neutral hearing board, whereby inmates have the opportunity to register complaints about the conditions of their confinement.

answer

grievance procedure

question

Civil death refers to ________.

answer

inmates denied the opportunity to vote, hold public office, or enter into contracts.

question

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation by the Task Force on the Female Offender to address the problems of imprisoned women?

answer

Recommended: 1. substance abuse programs 2. need to acquire greater literacy skills and literary programs should for the basis for the programs 3. females should be housed in buildings without male inmates 4. develop programs for keeping children in facility 5. institutions should be built to accommodate programs for female inmates *-NOT female inmates need to acquire greater literacy skills*

question

Which act of Congress reduced the number of suits brought by state prisoners in federal courts?

answer

Prison Litigation Reform Act (PCRA)

question

Correctional systems can prevent the transmission of AIDS through ________.

answer

1. medical technology to identify positive inmates and segregate them from the rest of the prison *2. education*

question

Government agencies that function to investigate, supervise, adjudicate, care for, or confine youthful offenders and other children subject to the jurisdiction of the juvenile court make up the ________ system.

answer

Juvenile Justice

question

The juvenile system is more likely to maximize the use of discretion and ________ than the adult system.

answer

to employ diversion from further formal processing

question

The document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent is called a(n) ________.

answer

petition

question

A child who has no parents or whose parents are unable to care for him or her is called a(n) ________.

answer

dependent child

question

Children who purchase cigarettes, buy alcohol, and are truant are ________.

answer

status offenders

question

If a juvenile's case is going to be transferred to adult court, it must be transferred ________.

answer

after intake, but before the adjudicatory hearing

question

The federal Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 requires states accepting federal funds for their juvenile justice systems to agree to separate juvenile prisoners from adult prisoners by "sight and sound" and to ________.

answer

deinstitutionalize status offenders

question

The youngest offenders are known as ________.

answer

child delinquents

question

If the first court in which a juvenile case appears is a juvenile court, the juvenile court is said to have ________ jurisdiction.

answer

original

question

It is unclear whether juveniles ________.

answer

can waive their Miranda rights.

question

One of the five philosophical principles that form the basis for the juvenile court movement states that ________ is the "higher or ultimate parent" of the child.

answer

the state

question

Most states consider a child who is forced into delinquent behavior to be a(n) ________ child.

answer

abused

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A child who has not been receiving the proper level of physical or psychological care from his or her parents or guardians is a(n) ________.

answer

neglected child

question

Mary, a juvenile, breaks into Bob's apartment and steals his TV. Mary is a(n) _______ child.

answer

delinquent

question

The 1967 Arizona case that granted juveniles many of the due process protections enjoyed by adults, including the right to counsel, was ________.

answer

In re Gault

question

The child-savers movement of the nineteenth century produced the ________.

answer

reform school- a place for delinquent juveniles that embedded the atmosphere of a wholesome family environment

question

A common law principle that allows the state to assume a parental role and to take custody of a child when he or she is in need of care the natural parents are unwilling or unable to provide, is called ________.

answer

parens patriae

question

Under Roman law, the ______ had absolute control over the child.

answer

father

question

________, in the broadest usage, is juvenile actions or conduct in violation of the criminal law, juvenile status offenses, and other juvenile misbehavior.

answer

Delinquency

question

A reading of the Supreme Court's decision in New Jersey v. T.L.O. leads to the conclusion that a school employee's search of a student could be considered reasonable if it does all of the following, EXCEPT which?

answer

is preceded by a Miranda warning

question

In juvenile court, a juvenile petition is similar to a ________ in adult court.

answer

criminal complaint-in that it alleges illegal behavior

question

One juvenile case in ________ involves detention before adjudication.

answer

five

question

The first step in decision making in a case regarding a juvenile whose behavior is in violation of the law is known as ________.

answer

intake

question

Transfer hearings are held in ________.

answer

juvenile courts

question

The fact-finding process wherein the juvenile court determines whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain the allegations in a petition is called (a)n ________ hearing.

answer

adjudicatory

question

In the face of strong evidence of the offender's guilt, a juvenile court judge may ________.

answer

still decide it is not in the child's best interests to be adjudicated delinquent

question

Bob is accused of stealing a car. His court case is handled informally, quickly, and in private. The court that heard Bob's case ________.

answer

was probably a juvenile court

question

Teen court is an alternative approach to juvenile justice in which alleged offenders are judged and/or sentenced by a ________.

answer

jury of their peers

question

What is the final stage in a juvenile case?

answer

dispositional hearing

question

At the dispositional hearing, most judges decide not to ________ the juvenile.

answer

confine

question

A high percentage of juvenile offenders who are held in confinement are ________.

answer

male and African American

question

Juvenile detention facilities tend to ________.

answer

be overcrowded

question

A juvenile confined in a private facility is likely to be ________.

answer

white

question

A juvenile court disposition that imposes both a juvenile sanction and ________ is known as blended sentencing.

answer

an adult criminal sentence

question

What is parens patriae?

answer

common law principle that allows the state to assume a parental role to take custody of a child when he or she becomes delinquent, is abandoned, or is in need of care that the natural parents are unable or unwilling to provide

question

Which is the strategy that the state of California in 2012 moved to implement, under which the state's counties are required to assume full responsibility for managing all of the state's juvenile offenders?

answer

realignment

Intro. to Criminal Justice Ch. 10-13 – Flashcards

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