Public Speaking (MIDTERM) - Flashcards

Q: What is ethnocentrism?

The attitude that one\'s own cultural approach is superior to those from other cultures

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What from of communication has much in common with modern public speaking?

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Conversation

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What are the similarities and differences between everyday conversation and public speaking?

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1. Public speaking is more planned than conversation. 2. Public speaking is more formal than conversation. 3. The nonverbal communication of public speakers is also more formal than nonverbal behavior in ordinary conversation 4. The physical distance between public speakers and their audience is usually greater than that between people in conversation 5. In public speaking the roles of speaker and audience are more clearly defined and remain stable than an ordinary conversation

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List and discuss the components of the visual channel of communication

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when audience members see the speaker and decode his or her nonverbal symbols

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when using visual channel what are some nonverbal symbols that are used?

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eye contact(or lack of it), facial expressions, posture, gestures, and dress

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If the speaker uses an visual aids, such as graphs or models, these are transmitted along the?

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Visual Channel

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What 2 channels does a speaker use to transmit messages?

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visual and auditory

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the delivery of an already famous address-- and of elocusion

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Declamation

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Can noise in the communication process be external, internal, or both?

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They can be both external and internal

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the twenty-first century of a new era in speech making, we know that?

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understanding different cultures is necessary

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The sending and receiving of messages during a speech is?

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Concurrent between speaker and audience

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When a speaker uses jargon that you dont understand, what are you experiencing?

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decoding

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Considering your audience is at the center of the model because the needs, attitudes, beliefs, values and other characteristics of your audience influences the topic you choose and ever step of the speech making process

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Being audience centered

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To adapt to the cultural expectations of your audience, you may need to do the following:

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1. adjust your topic and pattern of organization 2. Adjust your delivery style 3. Adjust your dress

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is physical, such as:

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external noise. Ex: the roar of a lawn mower or a noisy air conditioner

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may stem from either physiological or psychological causes and may directly affect either the source or the receiver. Ex:?

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Internal noise. Ex: A bad cold(physiological noise) may cloud a speaker's memory or subdue his or her delivery, an audience member who is worried about an upcoming exam (psychological noise) is unlikely to remember what the speaker says

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Will the ability to speak with competence and confidence provide empowerment?

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Yes it will

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Are slang expressions perfectly appropriate for most types of public speaking?

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No, it is not

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What is affected by a speaker's posture and gestures?

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Visual Channel

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A speaker who analyses the listener and the occasion and adapts the speech to them is defined by your text as?

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An audience-centered speaker

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What is ethnocentrism?

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The attitude that one's own cultural approach is superior to those from other cultures

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A speaker who analyzes the audience's income, occupation, and education is interested in?

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their socioeconomic status

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Trying to determine what an audience believes or thinks about a speech topic?

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psychological analysis

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The culturally-based perception of self as masculine or feminine?

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gender

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An examination by the speaker of the time and place of the speech, size of the expected audience, and the speaking occasion?

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Situational analysis

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In a psychological analysis, which of the following are reflections of the audience's likes or dislikes?

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attitudes

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In a psychological analysis, which of the following concepts are what the audience asserts as true or false?

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beliefs

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A situation audience analysis includes an evaluation of?

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The time and place of your speech, the size of your audience, and the occasion

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Collecting information about an audience concerning their age range, gender, and ethnicity is part of?

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a demographically analysis

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observing your audience and asking questions about them are forms of?

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Informal audience analysis

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Asking a question such as "What do you believe the state should do about funding education?" is an example of?

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An open-ended question

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Which of these characteristics would be examined as part of a psychological audience analysis?

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Audience beliefs and topics

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A captive audience would best be described as?

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people who much attendance

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Analyzing and adapting to your audience as you speak is_____________________

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necessary as part of the complete audience-centered speaker

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The specific group of audience members that you, as a speaker, most wish to address or influence is your ________

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target audience

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What can a speaker add to his or her speech that will likely appeal to most members of a very diverse audience?

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Photgraphs

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A speaker much be aware of ___________________ in order to adapt the speech as he or she speaks

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nonverbal feedback from the audience

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Considering the needs, interests, and expectations of listeners during the entire speech preparation process is called?

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being audience-centered

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Speeches that you present will be either to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. This goal for your speech is known as its?

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general purpose

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A complete, declarative sentence that summarizes your speech is known as the?

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central idea

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When wording the statement of your ______, use verbs that refer to observable or measurable behavior

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Specific purpose

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The general purpose of a persuasive speech is?

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to change or reinforce an audience's beliefs and/or urge action(act as an advocate)

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Searching for logical divisions in a subject is a strategy for?

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determining your main ideas

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when you find out as much abour your audience's needs, interests, and expectations prior to selecting a topic, you are fulfilling which guidelines for selecting a topic?

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consider the audience

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When searching for a speech topic, web directories, such as Yahoo, are helpful because?

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They have a list of topics divided into categories, and subcategories

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When you make a list of your own interests, and just begin writing as much topics related to these as you can think of without stopping to consider them, you are using a technique known as?

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Brainstorming

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When you structure your speech topic into main points, based on a reasonable, appropriate progression of ideas, what aspect of organization are you accomplishing?

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Finding logical divisions

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A properly worded central idea or thesis statement is?

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is a single sentence summarizing your speech

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What technique in selecting a speech topic will best motivate both your research and delivery?

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choose a topic of interest to you

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The ______ is an equally important element topic selection, in addition to the interests or knowledge of the speaker

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Audience

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Many times, something you read _____________ can generate a great idea for a speech topic

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when scanning a Web directory like Yahoo

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When combined with a central idea, a preview statement can form __________

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a "blueprint" of a speech

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The term "periodicals" refers to?

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magazines and journals

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The internet delivery system that brings information to your computer as text, graphics, audio, and visual images is know as?

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the World Wide Web

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One excellent full-text database that includes periodicals, newspapers, government documents, and law journals is?

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LEXIS-NEXIS

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Discussing your speech topic with someone who is knowledgeable on the subjects is a method of gathering support material known as?

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Interviewing

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What is the first source of supporting material a speaker should rely upon?

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hoer or his own personal experience and knowledge

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The address of each Web site or page is known as?

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The URL, or uniform resource locator

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This is considered a critical factor in evaluating Web resources-

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Accountability

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Libraries collections of books are generally called?

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Stacks

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What resource would you use in order to conduct a Boolean search?

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The internet

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What is the first step in preparing for an interview with someone about your speech topic?

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to establish a purpose or objective for the interview

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Once you have found adequate verbal sources as supporting material for a speech, what should you do, according to your text?

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Plan possible presentation aids

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After your conversation with a representative from the health and wellness program at a local hospital, you organize your notes and decide which statements to quote in your speech. This form of supporting material is termed?

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an interview

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How do you select the resources which will have the most value in preparing for your speech?

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peview and rank them

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What is a hyperlink?

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Web pages or sites which are automatically linked

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Is it essential to evaluate Web resources before using them for speech research?

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Yes

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When planning a speech, you should always begin by?

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Considering your personal experience and knowledge

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________ are more up-to-date than books, but newspapers are more current than periodicals

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Periodicals

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A lengthy illustration with a plot beginning, climatic point, and end

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Extended illustration

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A short illustration of no longer than a sentence or two

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a brief illustration

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A figurative analogy is?

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in the form of a metaphor or similie

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When someone, who is a recognized authority in a specialized area, states his/her opinion, this is considered?

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expert testimony

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Producing word pictures that allow your audience to mentally see, hear, smell, touch, or taste something is a process known as?

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description

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If, as supporting material for a speech, you give reasons or causes for a policy, principle, or event, you are?

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explaining why

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When is it a good idea to use expert testimony in a speech?

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when your topic is controversial

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What are important guidelines for the use of statistics in a speech?

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Use reputable, authoritative, unbiased sources for your statistics

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The more experts who support your viewpoint and the larger the numbers you cite reflect a principle within selecting the best supporting material known as?

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Magnitude

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A skilled public speaker must learn to?

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choose and use a variety of supporting material

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Explanations should have vivid and specific language in order to capture and...?

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Hold the attention of your audience

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In explaining "why" a speaker can?

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set up the causes for a cause-solution speech

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The method a speaker uses to arrange her or his main ideas

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the organizational pattern

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The pattern of speech rrganization used in a speech topic that progresses in order of time

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Chronological pattern

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When your central idea naturally divides into various areas to be supported, the organizational pattern

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topical

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If your speech topic concerns something that occupies physical space, the organizational pattern may be?

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spatial

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A speech topic that presents an issue that needs resolving can effectively be organized as?

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Problem-solution

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A speech organizational pattern which goes one step beyond cause and effect to discuss ways to alter, fix, or correct an effect

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Problem-solution pattern

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What 3 things are considered to be soft evidence

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Hypothetical illusions, description, and opinions

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When you save the most important material for llast

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recency

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Telling the audience your main ideas before you begin to develop your speech

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preview

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The main reason to use previews, summaries, and signposts is...?

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To keep your audience on track with your speech

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One way to signpost your speech is to

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enumerate your main ideas

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to keep your audience on track with your speech

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enumerate your main ideas

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After speakers have organized their main points, what is the next step?

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dividing main points into sub points

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when you state a main idea, cite the source, present the material, and then explain how the material supports the main idea, you are

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integrating supporting materials smoothly

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A planned pause in a speech may be used as

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Nonverbal signposts

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Transitions, previews, and summaries are all examples of

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Signposts

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A change in facial expression, a pause, an altered vocal pitch or speaking rate, or a movement all may indicate a

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Nonverbal transition

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Before organizing your main points, it is wise to

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review the logical divisions, reasons, or series of steps you identified when you narrowed your topid

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The _________ means that an audience will best remember your last supporting point

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principle of recency

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Using _____ _____ to record supporting materials, then rearranging these cards, is an efficient method of planning your speech

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Note cards

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_______________________ will improve your audience's ability to follow your speech

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Using visuals as aids to verbal signposts

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Just as a traveler needs a map for a journey, a speaker needs a man for a speech. This detailed map of a speech is a

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preparation outline

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The speaker's outline which cocntains the specific purpose, the introduction, all main ideas with supporting material, and a conclusion is a

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preparation outline

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Writing down your main ideas, sub points, and supporting material, then using geometric shapes and arrows to indicate logical relationships is a technique known as

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mapping

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The ultimate goal of the planning period with your outline is

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to insure that all main ideas and sub points are clearly and logically arranged and adequately supported

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The _____________ is shorter than the preparation

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delivery or speaking outline

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What is one of the features of the standard outline form?

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use at least 2 subdivisions, if any, for each point

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When developing a preparation outline, you should write out..?

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everything but directions for delivering your speech

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The delivery outline should be..?

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brief and have speaking notes

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When you finally divery your speech, you should speak from the..?

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the delivery(or speaking) outline

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What tip is suggested regarding the use of speaking notes?

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type or print information so that itt can be easily read

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What is preferable as speaking notes?

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Whatever system makes sense and works best for the speaker

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If you are worried about speaking too fast in a speech, should you write "slow down" type notes to yourself on your delivery outline?

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Yes, notes written in the margins of a delivery outline can help a speaker adjust in the delivery

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On the evaluations for your previous two speeches, you received a comment about a "speedy vocal delivery" you want to make sure not to repeat that mistake on you next speaking assignment, so you write in the margins of your note cards "slow down" is the proper for speaking notes?

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Yes; comments like this are effective delivery reminders on speaking notes

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The _________ _________ can be viewed a a map of your speech

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preparation outline

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The _____ ______ should include transitions, citations, and directions for delivery

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delivery outline

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Allowing the speaker and audience to interact characterizes what distinction between oral and written styles of language?

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oral is more personall

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A speaker's ability to use shorter words and phrases characterizes what quality of oral from written language?

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less formal

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A speaker's ability to state, restate and phrases characterizes what distinction of oral language?

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more repetition

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All of the following are effective strategies for using words except this technique

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use ambiguous words

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____________ meanings of words are not normally found in the dictionary

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connotative

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___________ refers to words that combine the English language with other languages

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Ethnic vernaculars

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________refers to words that reflect a speaker and audience's geographical background

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Regionalist

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_______ refers to words unique to a speaker's particular hobby or profession

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Jargon

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Which of the following is a figure of speech that uses an implied comparison?

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metaphors

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_________ is a figure of speech comparing two things using the term "like" or "as"

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Similie

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______ occurs when 2 or more clauses or sentences have the same grammatical pattern

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Parallelism

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_______ occurs when a sentence has 2 parts with parallel structures, but contrasting meaning

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Antithesis

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_______ occurs when a key word or phrase gives rhythm and power to a message, making it memorable

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aliteration

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_________occurs when a consonant sound is repeated several times in a phrase, clause or sentence

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repetition

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When speaking to a very diverse audience, it is best to use?

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standard U.S. English

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_________ tend to use more pronouns

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Oral language styles

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The three goals of an informative speech?

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present information so that your audience will be interested, understand and remember

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The speaker in an informative speech acts as a

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teacher

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The type of informative speech that concerns anything you can see or touch is a speech about

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objects

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An informative speech that discusses principles, concepts, and theories is classified as a speech about

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ideas

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The ary and science of teaching adults to learn

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androgogy

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When a speaker shows the audience that the information presented will affect them directly, he or she is fulfilling which goal of information speaking?

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to maintain interest

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One day after a presentation, most audience members will remember?

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about half

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This is a generally accepted principle of adult learning

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Adults like to be actively involved in the learning process

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In an informative speech, when you talk about how an object feels, how something tastes, or how an emotion feels, you are invoking the power of

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Description

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An effective way to keep an audience's attention is to tell a story. according to your text, what are elements that make a good story?

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conflict, action, and suspense

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The primary goals of informative speaking are

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to present information that the audience can understand and remember, which maintaining their interest

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The most common type of work-related presentation asking you how to increase sales or communicate policy or information is a

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report

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A work-related speech in which you address an audience outside of your organization about what your group does or a special project that your group would like to support for is a

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public relations speech

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when offering a brief salute to a special occasion or person, you are giving a

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toast

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A special-occasion speech in which you briefly express your heartfelt thanks is an

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acceptance speech

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A special-occasion in speech in which one of your goals is to build another speaker's credibility is a

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speech of introduction

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Paula is asked to deliver a speech that sets the tone for a childcare conference. What type of special-occasion speech will she give?

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Keynote address

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Although this special-occasion speech may inform or persuade, its primary goal is to entertain

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after-dinner speech

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______ relies upon exaggeration, and is often humerous

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hyperbole

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When presenting a report in your workplace, your general purpose is

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to communicate information or policty

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In a public relations presentation, the speaker should anticipate and prepare for criticism by

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developing a plan to counter objections and problems

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What 2 criteria are most important when making a speech of introduction?

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be brief and accurate

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When you make a speech placing someone's name in nomination for an office or award, what should you be sure to mention?

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the nominee's qualifications for this award or office

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When you make an acceptance speech, what is important to keep in mind?

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Comment on the meaning or the significance of the award to you

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When delivering a commencement address, the speaker should

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praise the graduating class

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In a speech of tribute to a person, you are essentially what kind of speaker?

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informative speaker

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Routine summaries at meetings, reports to the board, sales pitches to clients, and training seminars for coworkers are all examples of

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workplace public speaking

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When giving a public relations speech, you should..

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anticipate objections in the minds of your listeners and answer those objections in your speech

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The three necessary elements for an award-presentation speech are

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a reference to the occasion, a brief history of the award and its significance, and the naming of the person receiving the award

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The first part of an acceptance speech should be to __________ and the ____________ then, mention a few of the people responsible for your success

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thank the person making the presentation and the organization that person represents

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Some humor may be appropriate in a

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eulogy or speech of tribute to someone who died

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involves making decisions about the content and style of your speech before you speak, based on knowledge of your audience's values and beliefs

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Being Audience Centered

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Name the 3 types of general speech purposes

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1.To Inform 2. To persuade 3. To entertain

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What type of speech is designed to teach, define, illustrate, clarify, or elaborate on a topic?

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To inform

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What aspect of speech preparation contains the summary of your message?

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The central Idea

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What are the 3 major divisions of a speech?

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1. The introduction helps captureThe conclusion summarizes your key ideas attention, serves as an overview of of the speech, and provides the audience with reasons to listen to you 2. The body presents the main content of your speech 3.

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a concise statement indicating what you want your listeners to be able to do when you finish your speech

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Specific purpose

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Why is a complete outline of your speech necessary?

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To ensure logical divisions, reasons or steps

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What is the best way to rehearse a speech?

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To rehearse your speech aloud, standing just as you will when you deliver it to your audience

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Does audience centeredness begin before or after a speech

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Before

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identifies the essence of your message. you can think of it as a one sentence summary of the speech

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The central idea

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When should you prepare your introductions and conclusions?

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When you are organizing your speech

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are the beliefs, values, and moral principles by which people determine what is right or wrong

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Ethics

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fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making, and the development of relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels and media

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Ethical communication

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The willingness to listen to different viewpoints and understand beliefs and values other than your own

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accomodation

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What is speaking ethically?

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Any ethical speaker is one who has a clear, responsible goal, uses sound, evidence, and reasoning, is sensitive to any tolerance of differences, is honest and avoids plagarism

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how do you avoid plagiarism?

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1. do your own work 2. Acknowledge your sources 3. take careful notes 4. cite sources correctly

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What does the first amendment of the constitution guarantee?

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freedom of speech

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What is tolerance for differences?

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accommodation

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to speak freely must be balanced by?

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responsibility to speak ethically

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what term does Aristotle use in referring to a speakers confidence

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Ethos

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When citing your sources orally in a speech what should you do?

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the author, the title, and the year

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When facing public speaking anxiety what should be the goal of the speaker?

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to manage your nervousness so that it does not create internal noise that it keeps you speaking effectively

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List at least 3 physical change(improves your energy level and helps you function better)

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1. pupil dilatation 2. increase blood flow 3. extra adrenaline 4. increase indorphanes to block pain 5. increased heart rate

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list and explain 5 methods to reduce speech anxiety?

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1. be prepared 2. be organized 3. breathe 4. make practice real 5. give yourself a mental peptalk

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Your perception of the speaking event, your self image, and your self esteem interacts to create speech anxiety . what should you do to ease yourself before delivering the speech

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understanding why you are nervous. you feel more nervous than you look.

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how can anxiety be useful?

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physical changes improves your energy level and helps you function better, your heightened state of readines can actually help you speak better

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we can speak ______ words per minute and listen to ___

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125, 700

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a person who likes their information delivered with lots of facts and details is likely a?

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content oriented listeners

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a listener who suffers from a fear of misunderstand or misinterpreting messages is said to have

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receiver apprehension

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what are the different types of listening?

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1. people oriented listeners(expressing feeling and emotions) 2. action orientation listeners(skeptical, wants evidence) 3. content orientative listeners(like facts and details) 4. time orientation listeners (like the speaker to get to the point)

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a fear of misunderstanding, misinterpretation, or not being able to adjust psychologically to messages spoken by others

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receiver apprehension (use a tape recorder, take accurate notes)

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what are the 4 major listening goals?

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1. listen for pleasure(enjoy it) 2. listen for empathize(stop, look and listen) 3. listen to evaluate(judgement about it) 4. listen for information(listen for the details, link to major ideas)

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when listeners recall ideas and information presented to them

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remember

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the difference in which we speak and we process

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Time lag

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the process of listening relating material to their own experiences and knownledge

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selfish listener

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