question

Jean Piaget

answer

Jean Piaget inspired a vision of children as busy, motivated explorers whose thinking develops as they act directly on the environment. All aspects of cognition develop in an integrated fashion, changing in a similar way at about the same time as children move through four stages between infancy and adolescence.

question

Sensorimotor Stage

answer

Spans the first two years of life. Piaget believed that infants and toddlers "think" with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment. They cannot yet carry out many activities inside their heads.

question

Schemes

answer

Specific psychological structures, organized ways of making sense of experience. Ex. At 6 months, Timmy dropped objects in a fairly rigid way, simply letting go of a rattle and watching with intrest. By 18 months, his "dropping scheme" had become deliberate and creative. Soon, instead of just acting on objects, he will show evidence of thinking before her acts, marking the transition from sensorimotor to preoperational thought.

question

Adaptation

answer

Involves building schemes through direct interaction with the environment.

question

Assimilation

answer

We use out current schemes to interpret the external world. Ex. When Timmy dropped objects, he was assimilating them to his sensorimotor "dropping scheme."

question

Accommodation

answer

We create new schemes of adjust old ones after noticing that our current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely. Ex. When Timmy dropped objects in different ways, he modified his dropping scheme to take account of the varied properties of objects.

question

Equilibrium of Thought

answer

Understanding/model stays the same because assimilation is effective.

question

Disequilibrium of Thought

answer

Model does not fit new information so the child must use accommodation.

question

Organization

answer

A process that takes place internally. Once children form new schemes, they rearrange them, linking them with other schemes to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system. Ex. Eventually Timmy will relate "dropping" to "throwing" and to "nearness and "farness."

question

Reflexive Schemes (Birth-1 Month) (Sensorimotor Substage)

answer

Newborn reflexes: eye blink, rooting, sucking, moro, palmer grasp, tonic neck, stepping, and babinski.

question

Circular Reaction

answer

Provides a special means of adapting their first schemes. It involves stumbling onto a new experience cause by the baby's own motor activity. The reaction is "circular" because, as the infant tries to repeat the event again and again, a sensorimotor response that first occurred by chance becomes strengthened into a new scheme. Ex. Caitlin accidentally made a smacking noise after a feeding. Intrigued, she tried to repeat the sound until she became expert at smacking her lips.

question

Primary Circular Reaction (1-4 Months) (Sensorimotor Substage)

answer

Simple motor habits centered around the infant's own body; limited anticipation of events. Ex. When Timmy woke from his nap, he cried because he was hungry. When his mom entered he stopped crying because he knew he was going to get fed.

question

Secondary Circular Reaction (4-8 Months) (Sensorimotor Substage)

answer

Actions aimed at repeating interesting effects in the surrounding world; imitation of familiar behaviors. Ex. Caitlin accidentally knocked a toy hung in front of her, producing a fascinating swinging motion. Over the next three days she tried to repeat this effect, gradually forming a new "hitting" scheme.

question

Intentional/Goal-Directed Behavior

answer

Coordinating schemes deliberately to solve simple problems. Ex. Shows baby a toy then hides it behind his hand or under a cover. Infants of this substage can find the object by coordinating two schemes-"pushing" aside the obstacle and "grasping" the toy.

question

Object Permanence

answer

The understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight. A-not-B search error: If they reach several times for an object at a first hiding place (A), then see it moved to a second (B), they still search for it in the first hiding place (A).

question

Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (8-12 Months) (Sensorimotor Substage)

answer

Intentional, or goal-directed, behavior; ability to find a hidden object in the first location in which it is hidden (object permanence); improved anticipation of events; imitation of behaviors slightly different from those the infant usually performs. Ex. Timmy crawled to his mom when she put her coat on , whimpering to keep her from leaving. Ex. After watching someone else, they try to stir with a spoon or push a toy car.

question

Tertiary Circular Reaction (12-8 Months) (Sensorimotor Substage)

answer

Exploration of the properties of objects by acting on them in novel ways; imitation of novel behaviors; ability to search in several locations for a hidden object (accurate A-B search)

question

Mental Representations

answer

Internal deceptions of information that the mind can manipulate. Most powerful are (1) images: mental pictures of objects, people, and spaces and (2) concepts: categories in which similar objects or events are grouped together.

question

Mental Representation (18 Months-2 Years) (Sensorimotor Substage)

answer

Internal deceptions of objects and events, as indicated by sudden solutions to problems; ability to find an object that has been moved while out of sight; deferred imitation; and make-believe play.

question

Deferred Imitation

answer

The ability to remember and copy behavior of models who are not present.

question

Make-Believe Play

answer

Children act out everyday and imaginary activities.

question

Violation-of-Expectation Method

answer

A method in which researchers show babies an expected event (one that follows physical laws) and an unexpected event (a variation of the first event that violates physical laws). Heightened attention to the unexpected events suggests that the infant is "surprised" by a deviation from physical reality and, therefore, is aware of that aspect of the physical world.

question

Develop When Piaget Suggested

answer

-Object Search: -A-not-B: If they reach several times for an object at a first hiding place (A), then see it moved to a second (B), they still search for it in the first hiding place (A). -Make-Believe Play: Children act out everyday and imaginary activities.

question

Develop Earlier Than Piaget Suggested

answer

-Object Permanence: The understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight. -Deferred Imitation: The ability to remember and copy behavior of models who are not present. -Categorization: Grouping similar objects or events into a single representation. -Problem Solving by Analogy: Apply a solution strategy from one problem to other relevant problem.

question

Core Knowledge Perspective

answer

Babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems or a "core domain of thought". each of these prewired understandings permits a ready grasp of new, related info and therefore supports early, rapid development.

question

Core Domain

answer

Innate knowledge system of: 1. Physical : solid objects. 2. Linguisitic: understanding how language works. 3. Psychological: facial expressions, emotion. 4. Numerical: understanding quantities up to 3.

question

Birth-1 Month (Cognitive Attainments)

answer

Secondary circular reactions using limited motor skills, such as sucking a nipple to gain access to interesting sights and sounds.

question

1-4 Months (Cognitive Attainments)

answer

Awareness of object permanence, object solidity, and gravity, as suggested by violation-of-expectation findings; deferred imitation of an adult's facial expression over a short delay (one day).

question

4-8 Months (Cognitive Attainments)

answer

Improved knowledge of object properties and basic numerical knowledge, as suggested by violation-of-expectation findings; deferred imitation of an adult's novel actions on objects over a short delay (one to three days).

question

8-12 Months (Cognitive Attainments)

answer

Ability to search for a hidden object when covered by a cloth; ability to solve simple problems by analogy to a previous problem.

question

12-18 Months (Cognitive Attainments)

answer

Ability to search in several locations for a hidden object when a hand deposits it under a cloth and when it is moved from one location to another (accurate A-B search); deferred imitation of an adult's novel actions on an object over a long delay (at least several months) and across a change in situation (from child care to home); rational imitation, inferring the model's intentions; displaced reference of words.

question

18 Months-2 Years (Cognitive Attainments)

answer

Deferred imitation of actions an adult tries to produce, even if these are not fully realized, again indicating a capacity to infer others' intentions; imitation of everyday behaviors in make-believe play; beginning awareness of pictures and video as symbols of reality.

question

Structure of Information-Processing System

answer

3 parts: The Sensory Register Working/Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory

question

Mental Strategies

answer

Procedures that operate on and transform information, increasing the chances that we will retain information, use it efficiently, and think flexibly, adapting the information to changing circumstances.

question

Sensory Register

answer

The part of the information processing system in which sights and sounds are represented directly and sorted briefly. Ex. Look around you and then close your eyes. An image of what you saw persists for a few seconds, but then it decays, or disappears, unless you use mental strategies to preserve it.

question

Working/Short-Term Memory

answer

2nd part of mind where we actively apply mental strategies as we "work" on a limited amount of information. Ex. If you are studying a book effectively, you are taking notes, repeating information to yourself, or grouping pieces of information together, thereby reducing the number of pieces you must attend to and making room in working memory for more.

question

Central Executive

answer

Part of working memory that directs the flow of information. It decides what to attend to, coordinates incoming information with information already in the system and selects, applies and monitors strategies. -Controls attention. -Conscious reflective part of our mental system.

question

Long-Term Memory

answer

The largest storage area in memory containing our permanent knowledge based. We store so much in long-term memory that retrieval-getting information back from the system-can be problematic. Ex. A library shelving system that allows us to retrieve items easily by following the same network of associations used to store them.

question

Attention in Information-Processing

answer

-Besides attending to more aspects of the environment, infants gradually take in information more quickly. -Preterm and newborns take 3-4 minutes because they have difficult disengaging their attention from interesting stimuli. -4-5 months take 5-10 seconds because they have the ability to shift attention from one stimulus to another. -With transition to toddlerhood, children become increasingly capable of intentional behavior. -Attraction to novelty items declines and sustained attention improves.

question

Memory in Information-Processing

answer

-Operant conditioning and habituation provide windows into early memory. -When testing 2 to 6 month olds to move a mobile by kicking a foot tied to it with a long cord, 3 month old remember how to activate it one week after training. 6 month olds remember two weeks after training. They only need a brief prompt to reinstate memory. -Habituation/recovery research shows that infants learn and retain a wide variety of information just by watching objects and events, sometimes for much longer time spans than in operant conditioning studies.

question

Recognition

answer

Noticing when a stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experienced. (The simplest form of memory)

question

Recall

answer

A more challenging process because it involves remembering something not present.

question

Infantile Amnesia

answer

The ability of most older children and adults to remember events that happened before age 3.

question

Autobiographical Memory

answer

Long-lasting representations of personally meaningful one-time events from both the recent and distant past.

question

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

answer

Complex mental activities have their origins in social interaction. Other people contribute to cognitive development. (ex. parents and language)

question

Zone of Proximal (Potential) Development

answer

A range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can do with help. Ex. Think about how a sensitive adult introduces a child to a new activity. The adult picks a task that the child can master but that is challenging enough that the child cannot do it alone. As the adult guides and supports, the child joins in the interaction and picks up mental strategies. As her competence increases, the adult steps back, permitting the child to take more responsibility for the task. (Barbra Rogoff jack-in-the-back experiment)

question

Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley-III)

answer

3 main subtests: 1: Cognitive Scale - Includes such items as attention to familiar and unfamiliar objects, looking for a fallen object, and pretend play. 2: Language Scale - Assesses understanding and expression of language- for example, recognition of objects and people, following simple directions, and naming objects and pictures. 3: Motor Scale - Includes gross and fine motor skills, such as grasping, sitting, stacking blocks, and climbing stairs. 2 depend on parental report: 4: Social-Emotional Scale - Asks caregivers about such behaviors as ease of calming, social responsiveness, and imitation in play. 5: Adaptive Behavior Scale - Asks about adaptation to the demands of daily life, including communication, self-control, following rules, and getting along with others.

question

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

answer

A score that permits an individual's performance on an intelligence test to be compared to the performance of the other individuals of the same age.

question

Standardization

answer

The practice of giving a newly constructed test to a large, representative sample of individuals and using the results as the standard for interpreting individual scores.

question

Normal Distribution

answer

The bell-shaped distribution that results when individual differences are measured in large samples. Most scores cluster around the mean, or average, with progressively fewer falling toward the extremes.

question

Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)

answer

A checklist for gathering information about the quality of children's home lives through observation and parental interview. Factors that are measured include an organized, stimulating physical setting and parental affection, involvement, and encouragement.

question

Developmentally Appropriate Practice

answer

Standards devised that specify program characteristics that serve young children's developmental and individual needs.

question

Behaviorist Language Theory

answer

-Language is acquired through operant conditioning. -Children rely on imitation to rapidly acquire complex utterances, such as whole phrases and sentences. Ex. Parent coaxes "Say, 'I want a cookie,'" and delivers a treat after the toddler response, "Wanna cookie!"

question

Nativist Language Theory

answer

(LAD) all children have an innate system that contains a universal grammar, or a set of rules common to all languages.

question

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

answer

An innate system in all children that contains a universal grammar, or set of rules common to all languages. it enables children, to understand and speak in a rule-oriented fashion when they pick up enough words.

question

Interactionist Language Theory

answer

Emphasize interaction between capacities and environmental influences. -Children make sense of their complex language environments by applying powerful cognitive capacities of a general kind. -Social interaction.

question

Cooing

answer

Around 2 months, babies begin to make vowel-like noises with pleasant "oo" quality.

question

Babbling

answer

6 months, babies repeat consonant-vowel combinations in long strings. Ex. "bababababa"

question

Joint Attention

answer

When the child attends to the same object or event as the caregiver. This contributes greatly to early language development.

question

Underextension

answer

When toddlers learn new words and apply them too narrowly. Ex. "bear" is only her stuffed animal

question

Overextension

answer

Applying a word to a wider collection of objects and events than is appropriate. Ex. "dad" is any man

question

Telegraphic Speech

answer

Two-word utterances that focus on high-content words, omitting smaller, less important ones. Ex. "mommy shoe" "go car" "more cookie"

question

Referential Style

answer

Vocabularies consisted mainly of words that refer to objects.

question

Expressive Style

answer

Children who say many more social formulas and pronouns. Ex. "thank you" "done"

question

Child-Directed Speech

answer

A form of communication made up of short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation, pauses and repetition. "Baby talk" Ex. "See the ball," "The ball bounced!"

Lifespan: Chapter 5 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards