question

How did Malinche contribute to Hernando Cortés's conquest of the Aztec empire?

answer

She interpreted Spanish and Nathuatl languages so he could speak with native people.

question

How did the first Native Americans (the Paleo-Indians) survive?

answer

They hunted and gathered foods available in nature.

question

Eastern Woodlands Indians of the Mississippi culture were known for _______.

answer

Building mounds, some for ceremonial purposes and some as burial sites.

question

Spain and Portugal were among the first European nations that _______.

answer

accepted the authority of a single hereditary monarch for the entire country.

question

Traders sought new trading opportunities primarily to have access to _____

answer

luxuries such as sugar and spices demanded by the elite.

question

Portugal, the first European country that sent explorers to the Atlantic coast of Africa, was seeking ______

answer

an all-water route to Asia.

question

Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans

answer

represented different races but had economic organizations sufficiently similar to make trade possible.

question

Columbus and other early explorers typically described the New World as

answer

an earthly paradise.

question

Under Spanish authority, an encomienda was a

answer

plan to provide labor for land seized from Native Americans.

question

In 1513 the Spanish Crown issued the Requerimiento, which

answer

promised Indians who accepted Christianity and the authority of Spain that they would be left in peace.

question

The most important factor in the sharp decline in the Indian population following the arrival of Europeans was

answer

diseases were introduced inadvertently by the Spanish.

question

Ponce de León was the first European who

answer

set foot on the mainland that would become the United States.

question

After silver and gold, _________ was the most important product of the New World.

answer

sugar

question

Hernando de Soto led the expedition that

answer

explored the southeastern part of the United States from Florida to Texas.

question

When the population of Indians was depleted, Spain turned to what to provide labor needed to extract wealth from the New World?

answer

African slaves

question

According to Cherokee legend, the Appalachian Mountains, home to the Cherokee, were created when ________________________________.

answer

the Great Buzzard flapped his wings and struck the earth

question

Identify CAHOKIA.

answer

Cahokia was the central city of the Mississippian mound builders (700 BCE), located near present-day St. Louis, MI. The Native Americans who inhabited the city built burial mounds as well as mounds for temples and other public structures. The Cahokians thrived as craftsmen and agriculturalists, and were quite a complex society. Their political and social systems were hierarchal and with a population between 10,000 and 30,000.

question

Explain why Europeans began exploring the world in the 15th century.

answer

The first Europeans to set out were fueled by a desire for luxury goods and more efficient trade routes. Marco Polo's accounts of riches in India and China inspired Christopher Columbus and the Spaniards to explore in hopes of gold and other luxuries. The Spanish also saw the opportunity to launch a religious crusade, spreading the reign of Christianity and Spanish culture. The later explorers sought to conquer the native peoples and eventually establish settlements but the first explorers were primarily driven by trade.

question

What influenced European countries other than Portugal and Spain to become active in the New World?

answer

hope for wealth, glory, and power

question

Most colonies established by European nations in the first half of the seventeenth century were

answer

outposts in the global economy.

question

French claims to the area of their first colony were based on the explorations of whom?

answer

Jacques Cartier

question

Because the French and English found no gold or silver in areas they claimed in the New World, they

answer

stole from the Spanish, who did find gold and silver.

question

In the mourning wars among Iroquois, when a member of a clan was lost in battle, his

answer

tribesmen killed or seized a warrior of the offending clan.

question

How did the French learn to survive in New France?

answer

They adapted to Indian customs and assisted Indian friends against their enemies.

question

Under the theory of mercantilism, what was a nation's economic objective?

answer

to secure as much of the world's wealth as possible

question

To encourage development of the New Netherlands, the Dutch offered patroons, which was/were

answer

large plots of land along the Hudson River.

question

Why did New Sweden, a colony located on the Delaware River, fail?

answer

It failed to return a profit for investors quickly.

question

What was the attitude of the leaders of Dutch colonialism with regard to Indian territory?

answer

Land must be purchased from Indians before it could be settled.

question

The Beaver Wars erupted when

answer

the Hurons cut off trade between the Iroquois and the French.

question

England's first activity in the New World was to

answer

steal wealth from Spain.

question

Roanoke, England's first colony in North America, was intended primarily as a

answer

military base from which to raid Spanish ships.

question

The Virginia Company was the

answer

a joint-stock company sponsoring the first successful English colony in North America.

question

English men and women from the lowest ranks of society who agreed to work in exchange for passage money to the colonies were known as

answer

indentured servants.

question

What was the most notable characteristic of Jamestown during its first decade?

answer

an appallingly high mortality rate

question

Captain John Smith blamed starvation among early settlers in Virginia on

answer

laziness and a preference for hunting riches to planting crops.

question

To increase the number of workers in Virginia, company officials

answer

awarded 50 acres of land to those who came or brought another person to Virginia.

question

The House of Burgesses was the first

answer

elected representative government in the New World.

question

By an Act of Toleration, settlement in Maryland was open to

answer

those who believed in Jesus Christ.

question

In the first half of the seventeenth century, Chesapeake society was shaped by

answer

weak government, market for tobacco, availability of land, and shortage of labor.

question

Primary factors dictating how quickly English colonists adopted African slavery included

answer

the need for plantation laborers and availability of slaves at a good price.

question

The first generation of women immigrants to the Chesapeake region

answer

married relatively late, usually not until their mid-twenties.

question

What was the primary impetus behind the Massachusetts settlements?

answer

religion

question

Puritans wanted to

answer

eliminate aspects of Roman Catholicism from the Church of England.

question

The survival of the Plymouth colony was made possible by

answer

assistance from friendly Indians.

question

Who was Massasoit?

answer

Chief of the Wampanoag Indians who allied with the Pilgrims in New England.

question

One way New Englanders differed from Chesapeake colonists is that they

answer

migrated as families rather than as individuals.

question

New England towns were usually governed by

answer

adult male property owners at a town meeting.

question

Puritans came to New England

answer

in search of the freedom to worship as they wished, but not freedom of religion for all.

question

Identify SIR WALTER RALEIGH.

answer

Sir Walter Raleigh was appointed to lead England's first chartered venture to establish a colony in North America. He was received a charter from Queen Elizabeth in 1584 to establish what would become Roanoke as a colony and a privateering base north of the Spanish settlement of St. Augustine. Although he was knighted, he was not allowed to lead the expedition himself.

question

Identify ANNE HUTCHINSON.

answer

Anne Hutchinson moved to Massachusetts with her family, following the Puritan John Cotton. She proclaimed that she had direct revelations with God and was accused of heresy and witchcraft. She was put on trial and convicted of slander, and forced to leave the colony.

question

Using everything you have learned in this module, write a brief but thorough essay answering the following question: compare and contrast the attitude toward and treatment of Native Americans by the French, Dutch, and English explorers and colonists.

answer

The explorers and colonists of North America all shared one thing: interactions with Native Americans. Although their existence and survival sometimes depended on the local Indians, the relations among the colonists and the natives was rarely peaceful. Along with the Spanish, the French and the English viewed the Native Americans as "savage" and thus treated them as such. The first French explorers established themselves as accepting of Indian customs and maintained alliances with the Huron and Algonquian Indians. Many of the English's interactions with the natives were violent, beginning with the colony at Roanoke. The native Roanoke Indians were familiar with Europeans and ready to trade peacefully, but the English quickly poisoned that well quickly by using force to get the supplies they needed to survive. The Roanokes left the island and the English starved. The Dutch relations with Native Americans were more civil, focusing mainly on trade and commerce than conflict.

question

The American Revolution grew out of

answer

Britain's ineffective effort to govern the enlarged empire it gained after victory over France in 1763.

question

How did Miami chieftain Memeskia react when English traders from Pennsylvania reached the Ohio River valley?

answer

He welcomed them because their trade goods were better and cheaper than French goods.

question

The French and Indian War began when

answer

Virginians led by George Washington attacked a French scouting party near the Forks of the Ohio.

question

The French victory in the battle for Fort William Henry in 1757 resulted in

answer

an Indian massacre of British captives, including women and children.

question

As a consequence of the Treat of Paris (Paris Peace) in 1763,

answer

France lost its American empire except for its sugar islands.

question

By the Proclamation of 1763, the British government hoped to

answer

confine colonists to an area east of the Allegheny Mountains.

question

Why did colonists object to the Sugar Act even though the new law lowered an existing tax?

answer

New procedures made sure it was collected.

question

The Stamp Act became a liability for the government because it

answer

angered printers, editors, and lawyers—groups with the ability to broadcast their displeasure.

question

A concept of British government known as __________ was composed of two elements—the rule of law and the principle of consent.

answer

constitutionalism

question

The concept of virtual representation held that

answer

each member of Parliament acted on behalf of the whole empire.

question

Prime Minister Charles Townshend decided to test the colonists' protests against "internal taxes" such as the Stamp Tax by taxing

answer

imports such as glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea.

question

Republicanism represented a growing body of thought on the role of government that believed that

answer

power is always dangerous and those who wield it must be watched carefully.

question

Why did the incident known as the Boston Massacre occur on March 5, 1770?

answer

Soldiers guarding the customhouse panicked when a mob formed and a scuffle broke out.

question

How did Parliament respond to the Boston Tea Party in December 1773?

answer

Parliament passed the Coercive Acts, which included closing the port of Boston and taking over the colony's governance.

question

Why did General Thomas Gage order British troops to march to Concord in April 1775?

answer

to seize military supplies stored there by colonial militia

question

What important lesson did the British learn from their experience in the battle on Breed's Hill?

answer

Do not make frontal assaults against fortified positions.

question

In addition to his military experience, George Washington's appointment to lead the Continental army had what benefit?

answer

It helped solidify the alliance between New England and the South.

question

What was Thomas Jefferson's most significant achievement in the Declaration of Independence?

answer

It reformulated familiar principles in a simple, clear, and applicable way to the situation.

question

What was England's strategy in the first part of the American Revolution?

answer

to punish and isolate Boston because England believed resistance to English policy was centered in New England.

question

What consequences did George Washington's defeat of the British soldiers and mercenaries at Trenton, New Jersey have on his army?

answer

A thousand more recruits volunteered for service under Washington's command.

question

What was Washington's basic tactic during most of the Revolutionary War?

answer

to lead the British on chases because he lacked sufficient soldiers to confront them

question

What was the major consequence of the American victory over General John Burgoyne's army at Saratoga, New York?

answer

It led to the alliance with France.

question

What enabled George Washington's victory over Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown?

answer

assistance from French soldiers and the French fleet

question

What was the most significant American failure in negotiating the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the Revolutionary War?

answer

commercial concessions allowing Americans to continue to sell products in England.

question

What offered the greatest opportunity for profit and prosperity once the Revolutionary War ended?

answer

speculation in land and currency

question

Weakness of the central government under the Articles of Confederation

answer

meant that it could not address economic problems hurting most Americans.

question

Under the principle of coverture

answer

women could not hold property in their own names.

question

What impact did revolutionary ideals have on African slavery in the former English colonies?

answer

Every state north of Delaware banned slavery.

question

Why was the selection of George Washington as presiding officer of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia crucial to its success?

answer

Washington was the mostly widely respected person in the nation, and his leadership gave the convention credibility.

question

At the Constitutional Convention, what was the principal difference between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan for a new national government?

answer

the method of selecting representatives to Congress

question

Identify COERCIVE (INTOLERABLE) ACTS.

answer

In the spring of 1774 Parliament passed five bills later known as the "Intolerable/Coercive Acts" in reaction to the Boston Tea Party. The British government was outraged over the riot, and the passage of the following bills directly followed the tea party. Together known as the Coercive or Intolerable Acts (The Boston Port Bill, the Massachusetts Government Act, the Administration of Justice Act, a new Quartering Act and the Quebec Act), this legislation was not welcomed by the colonists. They felt that the acts were violating their constitutional rights, and ultimately the acts led to the outrage and resistance that was the beginnings of a Revolution.

question

Identify SHAYS' REBELLION.

answer

In 1780 the weak war-worn central government struggled to decide about what to do considering its debt. In western Massachusetts, a group of farmers led by Revolutionary War captain Daniel Shays forcefully shut down the courts in order to prevent them from collecting debts.

question

Slaves had many different assignments in America, but what made all of them "slaves"?

answer

being defined, treated, and defended as property

question

Why did slaveholders believe slave codes were necessary?

answer

Slaves were human property, so a distinction between them and nonhuman property such as livestock was necessary.

question

What invention enabled an economic boom in the South and created a demand for new land in the West?

answer

Eli Whitney's cotton gin

question

Slave rice cultivators commonly worked by the ________, which involved a specific assignment for a day's work.

answer

task system

question

What impact did slavery have on the general economic development of the South?

answer

Fewer stores and businesses existed because the labor force had no access to them.

question

White Southern society was ruled by

answer

patriarchs who regarded slave property and land as their responsibility.

question

Why was Gabriel motivated to lead a slave uprising in Virginia in 1800?

answer

Gabriel's wages went to his owner while free laborers kept their earnings.

question

Where did the slave Charles Deslondes lead a massive slave uprising in 1811?

answer

St. John Parish, Louisiana, with the intent of marching on New Orleans

question

How did the majority of slaves protest their condition without resorting to violence?

answer

feigning illness or ignorance, carelessness, and a slow pace

question

Because slaveholders shipped ever increasing cash crops to the North, they

answer

expected northerners to accept slavery because of the wealth produced through the system.

question

The textile industry relied on southerners as producers of a necessary raw material and

answer

as customers for finished products.

question

How did the Constitution recognize and protect slavery in states in which it was established?

answer

The three-fifths compromise provided for counting slaves for representation in Congress and in the electoral college.

question

What did the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 prohibit?

answer

aid to an escaping slave

question

Some northern states sought to protect former slaves within their territory by

answer

following personal liberty laws.

question

How were free blacks treated in the United States during the first decades of the nineteenth century?

answer

with formidable discrimination in all parts of the country

question

What motivated Nat Turner to lead a slave uprising in Virginia in 1831?

answer

Turner believed he was ordained by God to free the slaves.

question

Separatist communities withdrew from daily contact with the outside world to

answer

create a more perfect society here on earth

question

Women were particularly drawn to Shakerism because

answer

of a belief in the spiritual equality of women and men.

question

George Rapp, who also thought the Second Coming of Christ was imminent, believed

answer

that members should amass material wealth to place at Christ's disposal.

question

What about Joseph Smith's teachings most offended others?

answer

the doctrine of plural marriage

question

Who was Charles G. Finney?

answer

He was the most influential advocate of dynamic Protestantism.

question

What is meant by the term "Benevolent Empire"?

answer

People, as God's agents, should care for other people.

question

What was the most successful association of workers in the 1830s?

answer

National Trades' Union

question

What did Seth Luther mean by the term "middle class"?

answer

persons whose jobs required mental rather than physical labor

question

What was the native country of the greatest number of immigrants to the United States in the early decades of the nineteenth century?

answer

Ireland

question

In the new culture of self-improvement that characterized the 1830s, what did reformers believe was the key to individual success?

answer

hard work, industriousness, and frugality

question

What group believed in the power of the mind to achieve spiritual wholeness?

answer

Transcendentalists

question

According to Horace Mann, secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, what barred the poor from prosperity?

answer

lack of education

question

One of the American Anti-Slavery Society's greatest internal problems involved

answer

admission of women.

question

Where did women gather in 1848 to pass their Declaration of Sentiments, a kind of declaration of independence from male domination?

answer

Seneca Falls, New York

question

Identify the MISSOURI COMPROMISE.

answer

When Missouri applied for statehood in 1819, the country was deep in dispute over the morality of slavery. Because the Constitution's three-fifths compromise, the tension between the antislavery (northern) states and the southern (proslavery) states had become heated given the moral argument but also the political power involved. The addition of Missouri could tip the balance and would give slave states domination in Congress and ultimately the presidency. In the House of Representatives, James Tallmadge proposed that Missouri be accepted on two conditions: no more slaves were to be brought into the state and slavery was to be gradually abolished. This was voted for and carried on to the Senate, where it was voted against and died. In 1820 when Maine applied for statehood (as a free state), the problem seemed be resolved as far as the imbalance in politics. However, once Missouri was accepted into the Union, they submitted a state constitution barring free blacks from the state. This was important because it foreshadowed later political (congressional) debates over slavery for years to come.

question

Identify WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON.

answer

In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison founded his own abolitionist newspaper "The Liberty" in Boston. He used this paper to publicly adamantly refuse to accept any form of compromise in terms of slavery. An "immediatist," Garrison bonded together with others and led them to found the New England Anti-Slavery Society. In 1835 he was a victim of an antiabolitionist mob that dragged him through the streets of Boston.

question

What contributed to this period of reform and conflict? Consider the roles of slave rebellions, women's rights, abolition of slavery, and labor in the reform context. What does this period of reflection say about Americans during the 1820s and 1830s?

answer

This period is marked by political, industrial, economic, and social reform; the reforms generally being sparked by conflict, but sometimes it was the other way around. Slavery and slave rebellions were one of the main conflicts during this time period. The industrial and economic structure of the South (the mass production of cash crops, especially cotton) relied on slavery. As slave rebellions led to the abolition of slavery, America was ultimately forced to reform (or at least acknowledge) its political, economic and social problems (racism and sexism).

question

How did the major political parties handle the issue of slavery between the Missouri Compromise (1820) and the Mexican-American War (1846-1848)?

answer

They avoided the issue if at all possible.

question

What helped tie the sections of the United States into a single national market?

answer

extensive development in transportation and communication

question

What MOST spurred economic growth in the North in the 1850s?

answer

urbanization and industrialization

question

What had become the most profitable product of the South by 1850?

answer

cotton

question

What percentage of Southern white families owned slaves in 1860?

answer

25%

question

The Wilmot Proviso would have

answer

banned slavery from all territory acquired from Mexico.

question

What was the primary platform of the Free Soil Party in the election of 1848?

answer

Slavery should be barred from all territories.

question

How was the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 received by African American communities in the North?

answer

with terror, as they believed every African American was subject to slavery

question

The American Party was founded early in the 1850s to

answer

oppose continued admission of Catholic immigrants

question

When he proposed to divide Nebraska Territory into two territories, Stephen Douglas expected popular sovereignty to

answer

result in one slave state and one free state.

question

The New England Immigrant Aid Company

answer

sent settlers to Kansas to vote against slavery in the territory.

question

Why was the first popular sovereignty vote in Kansas so one-sided in favor of slavery?

answer

Proslavery advocates from Missouri cast fraudulent votes in the election.

question

What created the uproar in the North in reaction to Judge Roger B. Taney's decision in the Dred Scott case?

answer

Dred Scott was not a citizen because he was black.

question

What policy regarding slavery did President Abraham Lincoln state in his first inaugural address?

answer

leaving slavery alone in the South

question

What did delegates to South Carolina's secession convention cite as their reason for leaving the Union?

answer

A president who denied the right of property in slaves had been elected.

question

Who were the "cooperationists" during the secession crisis?

answer

residents of the Upper South who agreed to remain in the Union if the US cooperated with remaining slave states

question

What was President Abraham Lincoln's response to the Confederate capture of Fort Sumter?

answer

He called for 75,000 volunteers to put down a "combination of individuals" in South Carolina.

question

When hostilities began between Union and Confederate forces in April 1861, most Americans

answer

thought the war would last only a few months.

question

To what does the term "contraband" refer?

answer

runaway slaves in Union custody

question

In general, what strategy characterized the Confederate military effort during the Civil War?

answer

a defensive strategy, hoping to wear down the North

question

The first real test of Union and Confederate arms came in July 1861 at the Battle of

answer

First Bull Run.

question

Who was selected to serve as president of the Confederate States of America?

answer

Jefferson F. Davis of Mississippi, a moderate

question

What was the most consistent source of tension in Confederate government?

answer

states' rights

question

What was the South's GREATEST military advantage?

answer

its defense of its own territory

question

To win the Civil War, the North had to

answer

defeat the armies and occupy the territory of the Confederacy.

question

What motivated most Confederate soldiers to serve in the army?

answer

protecting their homes from Yankee invaders

question

What motivated most northern men to serve in the Union army?

answer

patriotism and preservation of the Union

question

In what battle did General George McClellan's army stop General Robert E. Lee's first invasion of Maryland in 1862?

answer

Antietam

question

What events in July 1863 made that the pivotal month in the outcome of the Civil War?

answer

Confederate losses at Gettysburg and Vicksburg

question

Where did General Robert E. Lee surrender the Army of Northern Virginia to General U. S. Grant effectively ending the Civil War?

answer

Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia

question

Identify HARPERS FERRY To earn full credit, answer the questions who?, what?, when?, where?, and why it is important to American History for the item.

answer

Harpers Ferry was the town in western Virginia where John Brown planned and attempted to execute a rebellion on October 16,1859. Brown had planned to invade a federal arsenal and distribute ammunition to local slaves. Brown and his followers successfully seized the armory, then spread over the countryside to free slaves and hold slaveowners as prisoners. Contrary to his plans, however, the slaves did not take up the ammunition and rise to fight for their freedom. The federal military was sent to put a stop to the Harpers Ferry rebellion; they surrounded then captured Brown at the arsenal. Brown's capture marked the end of his rebellion, and the nation's initial reaction was condemnation and embarrassment. However, soon the northern view changed from dismay to admiration - after his dignified behavior during his trial continued until he was hung at the gallows, many people were moved to sympathy . The change caused the South to become enraged and sparked the response that they could not live under a government that regarded Brown as a Christian martyr rather than a murderer.

question

Identify THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT. To earn full credit, answer the questions who?, what?, when?, where?, and why it is important to American History for the item.

answer

After President Lincoln's emancipation, there was still a need to resolve any possibility of the resurgence of slavery. The proposed 13th Amendment to the Constitution outlawed slavery forever; Congress passed the amendment in January 1865. By the fall, most slaves had been emancipated as states were readmitted into the Union. The Thirteenth Amendment further sealed the process, liberating the slaves in Kentucky and promising to keep slavery out of our nation forever.

question

Using everything you have learned in this module, answer the following question: Describe how America's westward movement in the period 1820-1860 contributed to the tensions that led to the Civil War.

answer

America's westward movement in the period 1820-1860 was not the cause of the Civil War, but it exaggerated existing problems (with slavery) and forced the nation to acknowledge the issue by presenting more states. The expansion was accompanied by the need to decide whether the new states would be slave states or free state, causing a resurgence of the debate over slavery. Both the North and the South wanted to obtain more states (and legislative power). This struggle to gain states as the west expanded boosted the intensity of the slavery/aboliton divide, contributing to the causes of the Civil War.

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