question

Gerald telling his teacher about a personally, meaningful one time event is known as

answer

an autobiographical memory

question

Vygotsky believes private speech during preschool years

answer

helps young children guide their behaviors during challenging tasks

question

which is one of the reasons US lags behind others in immunization

answer

more American children don't have access to the health care they need

question

Vygotsky; parents engage in ? when they adjusts the support offered to children during teaching session

answer

scaffolding

question

Two-year old Aidan says "we saw two deers" means

answer

overregulation

question

childhood diseases have declined dramatically in the past half century

answer

widespread immunization of infants and children

question

sex differences in motor skills

answer

girls are ahead of boys in fine-motor

question

Will doesn't want any toys to feel alone

answer

animistic thinking

question

In child-centered preschool programs

answer

provide a variety of activities for children to chose from

question

this refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes

answer

conservation

question

one reason that higher IQ test scores from Head Start quickly dissolve

answer

enter low-quality public schools

question

? are strongly associated with childhood injury

answer

Poverty, single parenthood, and low parental education

question

according to Piaget, the most obvious change as children move from the sensorimotor to preoperational stage is an increase in ?

answer

representational, or symbolic, activity

question

general descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation are known as

answer

scripts

question

which child is most likely to get permanent teeth first

answer

Broke, an obese girl

question

which of the following is supported by research on nutrition

answer

preschoolers compensate for a meal in which they eat little by eating more at later meal

question

Casey suffered damage to his cerebellum. Casey will most likely display both ? and ? deficits

answer

motor; cognitive

question

between 2 and 6 the brain increases from

answer

70 and 90%

question

info processing focuses on ? strategies that children use to transform stimuli flowing into their mental systems

answer

mental strategies

question

which is true about early childhood?

answer

Word-processing programs can support emergent literacy, enabling preschoolers to experiment with letters and words without having to struggle with handwriting

question

According to Piaget, magical thinking the preschool years because

answer

young children egocentrically assign human purposes to physical events

question

belief in inanimate objects have lifelike qualities

answer

animistic thinking

question

children with autism

answer

have narrow and overly intense

question

A major reason that sustained attention improves in the preschool years is

answer

a steady gain in children's ability to inhibit impulses and keep their mind on a competing goal

question

central component to Head Start

answer

parental involvement

question

preoperational children have trouble with ?, which means organizing of objects into groups based on similarities

answer

hierarchical classification

question

research on language development shows that recast and expansions

answer

model grammatical alternatives and encourage children to experiment with them

question

Compared with typically developing children, children with autism more often

answer

use words to each what others say

question

in Piagets conservation-of-liquid-prob, preoperational children are easily distracted by ? and ignore the ?

answer

perceptual appearance; dynamic trasnformaiton

question

leading cause of childhood deaths

answer

unintentional injuries

question

often caused by unsafe water and contaminated foods, leads to nearly 2 million childhood deaths each year

answer

diarrhea

question

consistent with Vytsgotsky, research shows ? predicts gains in childhood thinking

answer

adult cognitive support

question

Contemporary researchers believe that make-believe play

answer

not only reflects, but also contributes to, children's cognitive and social skills

question

? is necessary for development in all body tissues except CNS

answer

growth hormones

question

Three-year-old J.T. understands that 3 is more than 2, and 2 is more than 1

answer

ordinality

question

adults provide indirect feedback with ? which reconstructs inaccurate speech

answer

a recast

question

supported by research on individual differences in motor skills?

answer

parents tend to foster sex-stereotypic physical activities in children

question

true about preschoolers ability to generate and follow a plan

answer

when parents encourage planning in everyday activities, it is effective

question

as children's bodies become more streamlined and less top heavy

answer

balance improves greatly

question

Five-year-old Chaim is participating in Piaget's three-mountains problem. When Chaim is asked to pick the picture that shows what the display looks like from the doll's perspective, he will most likely select the

answer

he will most likely chose the one from his point of view

question

which of the following is supported based on research on childcare

answer

good child care enhances cognitive, language, and social development

question

Four-year-old Jasmine is shown two identical tall glasses of water and agrees that they contain the same amount of liquid. When the liquid is poured into a short, wide container, she says that there is more water in the shorter container because it is "all spread out." Jasmine is demonstrating

answer

an inability to conserve

question

research shows children use private speech more when

answer

when tasks are challenging and children are confused

question

boys are ? more likely to get injured than girls

answer

1.5 times

question

this contributes to decline of magical belief

answer

Familiarity with physical events and principles

question

During a conversation, 4-year-old Maleeka will..?

answer

adjust her speech to fit the age, sex, and social status of her listener

question

Developmental impairments and deaths due to diarrhea can be prevented with oral rehydration therapy, which consists of

answer

a solution of glucose, salt, and water

question

"only girls can be nurses"

answer

a gender schematic child

question

Research on corporal punishment shows that spanking is

answer

associated with a rise in problem behaviors if parents are cold and rejecting but not if they are warm and supportive

question

As self-awareness strengthens, preschoolers begin to develop a

answer

self-concept

question

Dave Reimer, boy raised as a girl demonstrates

answer

the impact of genetic sex and prenatal hormones on a person's sense of self as male or female

question

4 year old Hobbie is asked to rate his competence in ice skating

answer

he will probably rate his ability as extremely high

question

is, at its extreme, a form of child maltreatment called neglect

answer

uninvolved parenting

question

Tanner's parents are withdrawn. They make no demands of Tanner and are indifferent to his point of view. Tanner's parents have a(n) ? style of child rearing

answer

uninvolved

question

Which of the following is true about the permissive child-rearing style?

answer

instead of gradually granting autonomy, permissive parents allow children to make many of their own decisions

question

frequent punishment..?

answer

promotes immediate compliance, but not lasting changes in behavior

question

which of the following is true about the effects of harsh punishment

answer

Harsh punishment induces a sense of being personally threatened

question

research on the consequences of corporal punishment reveals that in African-American families

answer

the more mothers discipline physically in childhood, the less their teenagers display angry, acting out behavior

question

? hampered efforts to regulate TV content

answer

the First Amendment right to free speech

question

gender schema theory

answer

explains how environmental pressures and children's cognitions work together to shape gender-role development

question

Research on environmental influences on gender typing shows that teachers

answer

give girls more encouragement than boys to participate in adult-structured activities

question

Research reveals that inductive discipline

answer

helps children notice others' feelings and points out the effects of children's misbehavior on others

question

research on gender typing shows that

answer

the presence of male sex hormones leads to a rough, noisy play style in boys

question

Most theories of moral development agree that at first, a child's morality is

answer

externally controlled by adults

question

3 year old Winnie describes herself with

answer

observable characteristic

question

Maureen and Chris, the parents of an impulsive preschooler, can foster conscience development by..?

answer

combine firm correction with induction

question

Which of the following statements is an example of induction?

answer

"Your sister is crying because you won't give back her truck."

question

Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because "she lies." This is an example of

answer

relational aggression

question

although good discipline is crucial ? is also influential in conscience development

answer

a child's temperament

question

preschoolers self-concepts

answer

very concrete

question

Research on gender identity demonstrates that

answer

"masculine" and androgynous children have a higher self-esteem than those with a "feminine" identity

question

According to social learning theorists, children learn to behave morally

answer

by observing and imitating people who demonstrate appropriate behavior

question

Children who are unable to regulate their emotions

answer

tend to avoid peers in distress

question

Max plays with a funnel at one end of the sand table, while Madison makes a pie at the other end. The children talk and pass tools back and forth. They are engaging in..?

answer

associative play

question

research on maltreatment shows

answer

maltreating parents lack "lifelines" to others and have no one to turn to in stressful times.

question

Candace and Christina sit side by side playing with their dolls. They do not talk or try to influence each other. They are engaging in

answer

parellel play

question

permissive parents are

answer

are warm but overindulging

question

David Reimer's gender reassignment failed because his

answer

male biology overwhelmingly demanded a consistent sexual identity

question

When trying to promote friendly peer interaction in her preschool classroom, Miss Dodge should

answer

encourage compromise rather than force sharing

question

Children who are expert in an area

answer

are highly motivated

question

Which of the following is true about children's rough-and-tumble play?

answer

It helps children establish a dominance hierarchy

question

Which of the following is regarded as one of the most effective interventions for treating childhood obesity?

answer

a family-based approach focused on changing behaviors

question

Which of the following is supported by research on dynamic assessment?

answer

Children's capacity to transfer what they have learned to novel problems contributes to gains in IQ test performance

question

According to Piaget, one limitation of concrete operational thought is that children's mental operations work poorly with

answer

abstract ideas

question

repeating a list over and over

answer

rehearsal

question

Luke has a science test on Friday and knows that he needs to focus his attention during class and apply memory strategies when studying

answer

metacognitive awareness

question

metacognitive development shows that by middle childhood, children know that

answer

doing well on a task requires focusing attention

question

what is true about obese children

answer

there parents are obese too

question

research on giftedness shows

answer

gifted children are socially isolated

question

individuals skilled at ? can prevent their minds from straying to irrelevant thoughts.

answer

inhibition

question

gains in ? contribute to a child's ability to play games with rules.

answer

perspective talking

question

? percentile is considered overweight, ? percentile is considered obese

answer

85th; 95th

question

According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

answer

cultural values and learning opportunities affect the extent to which a child's intellectual strengths are realized.

question

As muscles adapt to an enlarging skeleton, children often experience

answer

nighttime "growing pains"

question

Which of the following is supported by research on IQ test bias?

answer

Ethnic minority children, who often grow up in more "people-oriented" than "object-oriented" homes, may lack toys and games that promote certain intellectual skills

question

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)..?

answer

is usually a lifelong disorder

question

In his triarchic theory of intelligence, Sternberg argues that

answer

people who are creative think more skillfully than others when faced with novelty

question

how many teeth are lost and replaced between 6 and 12

answer

20

question

Piaget asked children to arrange sticks of different lengths from shortest to longest to test for ..?

answer

seriation

question

Jamal is able to think through a series of steps and then mentally return to the starting point this is an example of

answer

reversibility

question

Rochelle is taking a test in which she is asked to come up with as many different ways as possible to make use of a straw. This is most likely a test of

answer

divergent thinking

question

Quinn knows that he should group items when memorizing lists, but he does not always do so. Quinn is not yet good at

answer

cognitive self-regulation

question

Although heritability estimates offer convincing evidence that genes contribute to IQ, they

answer

they do not reveal the complex way genes influence intelligence

question

According to one view of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),

answer

deficient executive processing underlies ADHD symptoms

question

most reading experts believe

answer

combining phonics with whole language is the best approach for teaching beginning reading

question

Kim Lee is able to mentally represent her neighborhood and describe it to others this is known as..?

answer

cognitive map

question

this is a strong predictor of academic success

answer

self-regulation

question

The most frequent cause of school absence and childhood hospitalization is

answer

asthma

question

The Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler intelligence tests..?

answer

require very little training of teachers who give them

question

sex differences on motor skills indicate that

answer

girls outperform boys on agility and balance

question

In social-constructivist classrooms,

answer

tudents' learning is jointly constructed with the teacher and peers

question

To help herself remember that she needed cat food and gloves at the store, Cheryl imagined a cat wearing gloves. Which memory strategy did Cheryl use?

answer

elaboration

question

which is true about perspective talking..?

answer

Children with poor social skills have great difficulty imagining others' thoughts and feelings

question

children in high academic self-esteem and motivation make ? attributions, crediting their success to ?

answer

mastery-oriented; ability

question

On a measure of peer acceptance, Michael received a large number of positive and negative votes; he is considered a

answer

controversial child

question

Which of the following is true about gender typicality?

answer

Children's psychological well-being depends, to some degree, on feeling that they "fit in" with their same-sex peers

question

rejected aggressive children are..?

answer

deficient in perspective taking and emotional self-regulation

question

Noncustodial fathers who see their children only occasionally tend to take on a ? parenting style

answer

permissive

question

Which of the following statements is true about self-esteem in elementary school?

answer

declines first few years of elementary school, then rises after 4th grade

question

? children are at the highest risk for poor school performance, antisocial behavior, substance abuse, and delinquency

answer

rejected

question

When Erica's best friend makes her angry, she takes a deep breath and counts to ten. Erica is using..?

answer

emotion-centered coping

question

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of middle childhood is

answer

industry vs inferiority

question

Andrew has well-developed emotional self-regulation. He feels that he is in control of his emotional experiences. Andrew has acquired

answer

a sense of emotional self-efficacy

question

Which of the following statements about resilience is true?

answer

Resilience enables children to use internal and external resources to cope with ADVERSITY

question

during middle childhood, children's emotional understanding develops as they become aware that

answer

people can feel more than one emotion at a time

question

The majority of popular-prosocial children combine

answer

acedemic and social

question

José is a rejected-withdrawn child who has developed a learned-helpless approach to peer difficulties. This means that José

answer

assumes that he will never be liked, no matter what he does

question

according to Erikson, ? can develop in middle childhood when family life fails to prepare children for school life or when teachers and peers destroy children's feelings of competence and mastery with negative responses.

answer

inferiority

question

by entering into academic challenge

answer

industriness

question

"You can't do that, can you? It's OK if you quit."

answer

this is an example of learned helplessness

question

male puberty usually starts with..?

answer

enlargement of the testes.

question

yet envisions a world with no injustice or discrimination; this is an example of .?

answer

idealism

question

female puberty usually starts with this

answer

the budding of the breasts and the growth spurt

question

Fifteen-year-old Kai is able to evaluate the logic of verbal statements without referring to real-world circumstances. According to Piaget, Kai is demonstrating

answer

propositional thought.

question

children don't understand contradictory info because

answer

they fail to grasp the necessary logic

question

One landmark of male physical maturity is

answer

the deepening of the voice

question

? percent of anorexics are males

answer

10

question

Adolescents feel most comfortable with peers who

answer

match their biological maturity

question

What is popular for anorexic teens parents to be like?

answer

overprotective and controlling mothers and distant fathers

question

When faced with a propositional reasoning problem, 17-year-old Max is likely to..?

answer

justify his reasoning by explaining the rules on which it is based

question

how many cases of AIDs during adolescents

answer

1 out of 5

question

Roni is an adolescent from an immigrant family. He is committed to obeying his parents and fulfilling family obligations, while also fitting in with his peers in school. He may experience

answer

accultartive stress

question

"Brains," "jocks," "populars," and "burnouts"

answer

cliques

question

at Kohlberg's levels; morality is externally controlled

answer

preconventional

question

Erikson called the psychological conflict of adolescence identity versus

answer

role confusion

question

Mrs. Shigoka wants to promote a sense of moral self-relevance among her high school students. What type of classroom should she create?

answer

a just educational environment, in which Mrs. Shigoka guides the students in democratic decision making and rule setting

question

? and ? are psychologically healthy routes to mature self-definition

answer

moratorium; identity achievement

question

When focusing on deeper thoughts and feelings, adolescent friends Glenda and Anne repeatedly mull over problems and negative emotions, which sometimes triggers anxiety and depression

answer

co-rumination

question

Derol is functioning at a higher moral reasoning level than Frank

answer

Derol is more likely to defend injustice

question

"It doesn't make sense to put respect for property above respect for life itself. Respect for human life is absolute."

answer

stage 6 The universal ethical principle orientation

question

question his parents' political beliefs and attended several rallies to find out about alternatives

answer

moratorium

question

Seventeen-year-old Saffron strives to rely on herself and not her parents for decision making

answer

autonomy

question

Interaction among peers who present differing viewpoints

answer

promote moral understanding

question

at Kohlberg's conventional level

answer

individuals believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order.

question

According to Erikson, the major personality achievement of adolescence is development of

answer

identity

question

according to Erikson, someone who negatively resolves the psychological conflict of adolescence will experience

answer

role confusion

question

Identity-diffused individuals are

answer

apathetic, lacking both exploration and commitment

question

group of six girls, who are friends and have similar family backgrounds, attitudes, and values. This group is Isobel's

answer

clique

question

"Even if his wife is dying, it is still Heinz's duty as a citizen to obey the law. If everyone started breaking the law, there would be no civilization."

answer

stage 4: The social-order-maintaining orientation

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