Sociology ch 4 – Flashcards
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the process by which people learn the culture of their society
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socialization
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a psychological perspective that emphasizes the effect of rewards and punishments on human behavior
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behaviorism
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the way people adapt their behavior in response to social rewards and punishments
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social learning
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the concept developed by Charles Horton Cooley that our self-image results from how we interpret other people's views of us
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looking-glass self
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a small group characterized by intense emotional ties, face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and a strong, enduring sense of commitment
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primary group
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a group that is large and impersonal and characterized by fleeting relationships
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secondary group
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a group that provides standards for judging one's attitude or behaviors
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reference group
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Mead, the part of the self that refers to the impulse to act; it is creative, innovative, unthinking, and largely unpredictable
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I
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Mead, the part of the self through which we see ourselves as others see us
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me
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the ability to take the role of others in interaction
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role-taking
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specific people who are important in children's lives and whose views have the greatest impact on their self-evaluations
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significant others
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the abstract sense of society's norms and values by which people evaluate themselves
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generalized other
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Piaget, the increasing ability to make logical decisions as a person grows older
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cognitive development
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experiencing the world as if it were centered entirely on oneself
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egocentric
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a psychological perspective that emphasizes the complex reasoning processes of the conscious and unconscious mind
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psychoanalysis
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Freud, the part of the mind that is the repository of basic biological drives and needs
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id
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Freud, the part of the mind that is the "self," the core of what is regarded as a person's unique personality
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ego
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Freud, the part of the mind that consists of the values and norms of society, insofar as they are internalized by the individual
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superego
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an unspoken classroom socialization to the norms, values, and roles of a culture that a school provides along with the "official" curriculum
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hidden curriculum
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adopting the behavior or standards of a group one emulates or hopes to join
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anticipatory socialization
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forms of communication that permit flow of information from a single source to a wide audience
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mass media
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an institution that isolates individuals from the rest of society in order to achieve administrative control over most aspects of their lives
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total institution
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the process of altering an individual's behavior through control of his or her environment, for example, within a total institution
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resocialization
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Goffman's theory of social interaction that studies it as if it were governed by the norms of theatrical performance
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dramaturgical approach
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the creation of impressions in the minds of others in order to define and control a social situation
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presentation of self
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a sociological method that studies the body of commonsense knowledge and procedures by which ordinary members of a society make sense of their social circumstances and interaction
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ethnomethodology
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the study of how participants in social interaction recognize and produce coherent conversation
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conversation analysis
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view the self and society as resulting from social interaction based on language and other symbols
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symbolic interactionism
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an organized system of thoughts, feelings, identities, and attributes that characterizes a specific human being
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self
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the totality of the thoughts and feelings an individual has about him- or herself
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self-concept
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human ability to look at our self as if we were looking as an outsider
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reflexivity
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allows us to name and classify things in our world, including our self
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language
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an evaluation of one's self as being generally: good or bad, better or worse, acceptable or unacceptable, worthwhile or worthless
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self-esteem
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academic, social, intellectual, physical
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specific self-esteem
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an overall judgement or assessment, amalgamation of all our specific self-esteems
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global self-esteem
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series of questions to assess a person's self-esteem
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rosenberg self-esteem scale
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the way we think others view us, we come to see ourselves as others do
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reflected appraisals
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we compare ourselves to specific individuals, groups, and classes
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social comparisons
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the individual's own judgement of his or her personal accomplishments or failures, inferring what you think and feel by observing your own behavior
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self-attributions
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things that are important to us at one point in our life are different from what is important at another time
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psychological centrality
