question

______ is a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

answer

Learning

question

______ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping.

answer

Behaviorism

question

What is an example of a behavior that indicates learning?

answer

Your little brother whining whenever he wants something.

question

According to the ________________, understanding the causes of behavior requires looking at the environmental actors that produce them.

answer

Principles of Behaviorism

question

Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events is called __________.

answer

Associative learning

question

In classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between two ________.

answer

Stimuli

question

Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly proceeds it. Thus, when we see lightning,we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of __________.

answer

Classical conditioning

question

Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through _____________.

answer

Operant conditioning

question

Classical and operant conditioning involve learning through ________________.

answer

Association

question

Observational learning involves learning through ___________.

answer

Observation and imitation

question

Organisms learn the association between two stimuli through __________.

answer

Classical conditioning

question

Organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through __________.

answer

Operant conditioning

question

When learning to play tennis, your instructor demonstrates serving and backhand returns, then you attempt to imitate those sequences. What concept is this learning method describing?

answer

Observational Learning

question

The adage "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" best reflects this type of learning.

answer

Observational learning

question

__________ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

answer

Classical conditioning

question

Salivating at the presentation of food is an example of __________.

answer

A reflex

question

Pavlov's dog automatically salivated to food because food is an ___________.

answer

US

question

What is an example of an unconditioned response?

answer

Sneezing in response to sniffing pepper

question

Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a ______.

answer

CS

question

A baby touches a pink flower and is stung by a bee. The next day the baby's mother brings home some pink flowers and brings one to the baby to smell. The baby cries loudly as soon as she sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

answer

The pink flower

question

You feel fine at the picnic until a spider very similar to the one that bit you last year made you sick starts to walk onto your picnic blanket. This reaction is most likely a(n) ______.

answer

CR

question

In classical conditioning, the __________ connection is unlearned.

answer

US-UR

question

In classical conditioning, the __________ connection is learned.

answer

CS-CR

question

Before the bell was ever presented, Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented. The _______ in this situation is salivation.

answer

Unconditioned response

question

Pavlov's dog salivated to the sound of a bell because __________.

answer

The bell had become associated with food.

question

In Pavlov's classic study on classical conditioning, the bell was the ___ before conditioning and the ______ after conditioning had occurred.

answer

Neutral stimulus/conditioned stimulus

question

__________ is the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.

answer

Acquisition

question

_______ means that the CS must not only precede the US closely in time, it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the US is on its way.

answer

Contingency

question

The extent to which the CS and US occur close together in time reflects _______.

answer

Contiguity

question

___________ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

answer

Generalization

question

Mark's dog knows to sit when Mark says "sit". Now that Mark wants to teach his dog a new trick, he sits when he is told to "speak". The dogs behavior is an example of _________.

answer

generalization

question

_______ in classical conditioning is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

answer

Extinction

question

______ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to a certain stimuli and not others.

answer

Discrimination

question

_____ occurs when the conditioned response dissipates after the anticipated reward is withheld.

answer

Extinction

question

Pavlov's dog salivates each time he hears a bell. Now, however, after several trials of salivating to the bell and not receiving any food, the dog stops salivating. What happened?

answer

Extinction has occured

question

The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is called _________.

answer

Spontaneous recovery

question

No longer being in love with someone but experiencing a scent or place that reminds you of who you loved brings back good, former feelings. The sudden onset of good feelings is triggered by ______.

answer

Spontaneous recovery

question

Watson and Rayner used ________ along with an unconditional stimulus in order to condition fear in little Albert.

answer

a white rat

question

In the experiment with little Albert conducted by Watson and Rayner, _______ was used as an unconditional response for conditioning Albert to fear a white rat.

answer

a loud noise

question

In John Watson's experiement on classical conditioning, a white rat was used as a(n) ______ to condition Albert.

answer

Conditioned stimulus

question

Little Albert was conditioned to fear a little white rat. Eventually, however, Albert became fearful of any stimulus that looked white and furry. This study illustrates _________.

answer

Stimulus generalization in classical conditioning

question

"Classical conditioning is based on observing and imitating others."

answer

This is FALSE

question

__________ is a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and it's conditioned response.

answer

Counterconditioning

question

__________ is a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

answer

Aversive conditioning

question

Robert drank too much tequila and began vomiting and became very nauseated. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Robert likely react the next time he drinks or smells tequila?

answer

He will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive.

question

Classical conditioning can produce _______, which is a decrease in the production of antibodies that can lower a person's ability to fight disease.

answer

Immunosuppression

question

Taste aversion is an example of __________.

answer

Classical conditioning

question

Classical conditioning helps to explain _______. which refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

answer

Habituation

question

Advertisers apply classical conditioning in commercials by showing ads that pair something pleasant with a product, in hopes that you, the viewer, will experience those positive feelings toward the product. In this situation the product is the ____________.

answer

Unconditioned stimulus

question

explain why someone who is addicted to a drug can overdose if he/she uses in a strange environment. The body could not use the stimuli in the strange environment to prepare for it.

answer

the principles of classical conditioning

question

________ helps explain drug habituation

answer

Classical conditioning

question

_________ is more effective in explaining voluntary behavior.

answer

Operant conditioning

question

______________, the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior.

answer

In operant conditioning,

question

According to ___________. behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by undesirable outcomes are weakened.

answer

Thorndike's law of effect

question

"Skinner believed that the mechanisms of learning among humans are different than the mechanisms of learning among animals."

answer

This is FALSE

question

Bears and zoo animals being cooperative without anesthesia for routine body maintenance is an example of _____________.

answer

Operant conditioning

question

_______ refers to rewarding approximations of a desired behavior.

answer

Shaping

question

Sea lions throwing and catching balls on their nose who receive fish every time after their act have been trained to perform this behavior through _____________.

answer

Shaping

question

The process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again is called __________.

answer

Reinforcement

question

The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called ___________.

answer

Positive reinforcement

question

The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called _________.

answer

Negative reinforcement

question

Waking up a few seconds before your alarm clock goes off in order to avoid the obnoxious alarm sound is an example of ___________.

answer

Negative reinforcement.

question

Abby's mother constantly told her to water the plants in the lawn. She eventually complied and did what her mother wanted her so that her mother doesn't tell her the same thing again.

answer

Negative reinforcement

question

A special kind of response to negative reinforcement is called ____________. (Still working hard to achieve a goal that has fallen short but already been achieved).

answer

Avoidance learning

question

Experience with unavoidable negative stimuli can lead to a particular deficit in avoidance learning called __________, in which the organism, exposed to uncontrollable aversive stimuli, learns that it has no control over negative outcomes.

answer

Learned helplessness

question

A ______ reinforcer is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable.

answer

Primary

question

This is a good example of a primary reinforcer.

answer

Food

question

A ______ reinforcer is a reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience.

answer

Secondary

question

_____ is considered a secondary reinforcer

answer

Money

question

In operant conditioning, ______ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

answer

Generalization

question

A dog who barks at the neighbors because they give him food, but doesn't when his owner is present because he knows he's not supposed to get fed is an example of _________.

answer

Discrimination

question

Carol gives her dog, Spike, a chew stick each time he gets the ball back, on command. Carol is using a _____ schedule to train her dog to get the ball back on command.

answer

Continuous reinforcement

question

Fred's parents are very inconsistent with their childrearing rules. Most of the time Fred can climb on the furniture but sometimes he is punished. Fred's parents can't understand why he isn't a better-behaved child. Fred parents are reinforcing his negative behaviors on a _____________.

answer

Partial-reinforcement schedule

question

Matt is training his dog Buster to sit on command. He gives buster a dog biscuit each time he sits when commanded, but only for the first 10 trials. He then changes the rules and Buster now has to sit on command 3 times before he gets a biscuit. Matt used a ____ schedule first, and then switched to a _____ to train Buster.

answer

A continuous reinforcement/a fixed-ratio

question

A work is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes that she builds. On which schedule of reinforcement is she being paid?

answer

Fixed-ratio

question

A hitchhiker most likely gets rides on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

Variable-ratio

question

Jose's employer pays him every other Friday. This is an example of which of the following schedules of reinforcement.

answer

Fixed-interval

question

_______ is a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.

answer

Punishment

question

Spanking is a form of _________; time out is a form of ________.

answer

Positive punishment/negative punishment

question

Todd is scolded each time he bullies his little brother by taking away his toys. Scolding Todd is an example of ___________.

answer

Positive punishment

question

Larry is grounded each time he hits his little brother. After being grounded a couple times, the misbehavior decreases. Grounding larry is an example of ________.

answer

Negative punishment

question

Positive punishment is meant to ________.

answer

Weakens behaviors

question

__________ is meant to increase behaviors.

answer

Negative reinforcement

question

Applied behavior analysis is based on the concept of __________.

answer

Operant conditioning

question

Applied behavior analysis (behavior modification) programs rely on what principles of learning to help people develop programs to change?

answer

Operant

question

Your professor wants to help students to learn how to write a high quality research paper, so she posts an example of a research paper on the course website. You use this example as a model when writing your own paper. Which of the following concepts best describes how you learned to write your research paper?

answer

Observational learning

question

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning?

answer

Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement.

question

________ and _______ are both associated with Bandura's model of observational learning.

answer

Retention and motor reproduction

question

________, a third element of observational learning, is the process of imitating the models actions.

answer

Motor reproduction

question

This final component of Bandura's model of observational learning determines whether or not an imitated or modeled act will be repeated.

answer

Reinforcement

question

According to Tolman's view on purposive learning, _______.

answer

you work hard all week because you expect to get paid on Friday.

question

According to Tolman, the concept of _____ is essential to understanding classical conditioning.

answer

Expectancy

question

_________ is unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.

answer

Latent Learning

question

Exploring a different route home and then later using that route when there is a bad accident or traffic jam in order to get home is an example of _________.

answer

Latent learning

question

Rats being able to run through a maze correctly without ever being reinforced to do so is an example of the rats using their _______.

answer

Latent learning

question

_________ is defined as a type of learning that occurs without reinforcement. However, this learning is not demonstrated until the person or animal is reinforced to do so.

answer

Latent learning

question

______ is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of a problem's solution.

answer

Insight learning

question

Insight learning requires "thinking outside the box," setting aside previous expectations and assumptions.

answer

TRUE

question

The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning is called ______.

answer

Instinctive drift

question

A pig shoves an object on the ground instead of learning to carry it in his mouth is an example of _________.

answer

Instinctive drift

question

___________ is the species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.

answer

Preparedness

question

Ally, an athlete believes she does not have the ability to improve her running time, despite her practicing every day. Which of the following explains Ally's attitude?

answer

Fixed mindset

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