Praxis 2 terms for science test – Flashcards
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Capital of Greece
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Athens
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Scientific methods
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State the problem Make Observations Form a Hypothesis Do an Experiment Draw a conclusion Think POHEC
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Pasteur
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discovered microorganisms
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Hook
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microscopes
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Mendel
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father of genetics, worked with plants
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Darwin
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father of Modern Biology
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Newton
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basically the father of Physics
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Kepler
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dealt with mathematical calculations for determining the distances of celestial bodies
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Curie
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x-rays "mother of radiation"
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Einstein
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work in physics, develop 4 papers (annus Mirabuilus paper)photoelectric effect, molecules & atoms w/ fluids aka Browninan motion, & theory of special relativity light speed doesnt change & changes on vantage pts 4th paper E=mc^2 energy & matter same thing
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biology
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study of living organisms
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physics
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study of forces of nature
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chemistry
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deals with the composition of substances
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geology
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study of earth's processes
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astronomy
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study of celestial bodies
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ecology
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the study of organism interactions with their environments
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oceanography
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study of the world's hydrosphere
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Structure and properties of matter
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Anything that has mass and takes up space, contains both physical & chemical properties
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4 states of matter
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solid, liquid, gas and plasma
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Chemical Properties
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when matter forms another form of matter ex. rusting (can not get the same thing back out)
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Physical Properties
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deals with color, smell, density, buoyancy, boiling, freezing and melting points ex. ripping paper (still paper size only changed)
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Abundance of elements in the earth's crust
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46% O, 28% Si, 8% Al, 5% Fe, Ca 4%, 2% Na Mg and K, 0.5% Ti and 0.14% H
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Abundance of elements in the atmosphere
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78% N, 20% O, 1 % Ar, 0.03% CO2
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Physical Changes in matter
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changes only in appearance of a substance, can still be identify as the same matter
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Chemical Changes in matter
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change of an element by exchanging electrons. A new substances is formed
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Law of Conservation of Energy
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states that energy can not be created or destroyed but can change its form
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Kinetic Energy
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this exists whenever an object which has mass is in motion with some velocity. Everything that is moving is this
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Potential Energy
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energy due to position or stored energy, aka gravitational potential energy.
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Heat
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kinetic energy of random molecular motion
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Temperature
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the measure of the degree of hot or coldness of an object
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Conduction
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one object A touching another hot object B and object A becomes hot ex: pot on a burner
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Convection
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fluids transfer by the circulation ex: boiling water, convection oven
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radiation
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doesn't not need a medium ex: sun warming bodies
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Thermal Energy
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matter warms matter. this causes the atoms to vibrate making the heat of the object rise and essentially raising the temperture
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Measurement of heat
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Kelvin (Astronomy) Fahrenheit (US) Celsius (rest of world, metric system, science community)
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Convert F to C
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5/9 (F - 32)
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Convert C to F
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9C/5 - 32
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Convert C to K
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C + 273
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First law of Thermodynamics
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You cannot get something out of nothing, because matter and energy are conserved. The amount of heat entered is the same amount of heat/energy that you will get back (You cannot win)
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Second law of Thermodynamics
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You cannot return to the same energy state, because there is always an increase in disorder; entropy always increases. Heat moves from hot to cold, heat cannot be converted & isolated systems become disordered or have entropy. (You cannot break even)
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Entropy
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amount of disorder created in a system
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Third law of Thermodynamics
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Absolute zero is unattainable (You cannot get out of the game.)
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Rutherford
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theory about structure of atoms. presented a new model that included a nucleus and empty space and electrons
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Bohr
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speculated that electrons moved in distinct paths around the nucleus, theorized that electrons could jump from one level to another. Modern scientists have concluded that electrons do not travel in specific paths
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Fusion
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nuclear forces that combine nuclei
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Fission
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divide the nuclei into other elements
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Radioisotopes
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isotopes which spontaneously emit radiation, used in medicines
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Radioactivity
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the atoms making up matter are generally stable, but some of them are spontaneously transformed by emitting radiations which release energy
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isotopes
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atomic nuclei with the same number of protons but with differing numbers of neutrons
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half life
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the time period under which one half of the radioactive cores decay
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nuclear reactions
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a nuclear reactor is like a furnace which produces steam and hot gases. this steam or hot gasses can provide heat directly or drive turbines to generate electricity.
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Nuclear reactors uses
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are used for electric-power generation throughout much of the world as well as for propelling submarines and some surface vehicles. these produce mass amounts of energy, steam and gases, by products need to be safely disposed.
