Microbiology Fall17 SUHP Sanders – Flashcards
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What is the arousal level of an emotion
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The degree to which the emotion is reflected in an individuals being active, engaged, or excited versus passive, disengaged, or calm
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What is microbiology?
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The study of living things that are too small to be seen W/O a Microscope. Includes: bacteria, algae, helminths, and fungi
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How do some microorganisms produce oxygen and energy?
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Through photosynthesis (70 percent)
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Are viruses living or non-living?
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Non-living
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Microorganisms naturally produce useful products like ?
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Antibiotics
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In 19 64 What Surgeon General of the US told congress that it was "time to close the book on infectious Diseases". "The War against pestilence is over."
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Luther Terry
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What cell type is a single cell, smaller, lacks cellular organelles, genetics material circular. All are microorganisms
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Bacteria (prokaryote prenucleus)
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What cell type are larger and more complex, have cellular organelles, some are single cellular and some are multicellular, genetic material chromosomal. Not all are microorganisms
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Eukarya (Eukaryote true nucleus)
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What cell type is a single cell, smaller, lack organelles, resembles bacteria structurally and eukarya genetically. All are Microorganisms. (prokaryote-prenucleus)
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Archaea
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Viruses are not ?
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Cellular
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What is another word for spontaneous generation meaning without life beginning?
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Abiogenesis
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In 15 46, who came up with the Germ Theory?
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Girolamo Fracastoro
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In the 16 sixties who made a single lens microscope and first saw and named cells when looking at a cork screw?
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Robert Hooke
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Who invented a more complex microscope in the late 16 hundreds and is considered the father of bacteriology? protozoology?
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Antonie Van Leewenhoek
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Who ran experiments to prove that microbes in the dust and air were the sources for growth of bacterial cells in broth?
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Louis Pasteur
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What is the process that heats liquids high enough to kill bacteria but not yeast? and who invented it?
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Pasteurization, Louis Pasteur
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What did Robert Koch do?
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Proved cause and effect by following Koch's Postulates
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Who was Daniel Alcides Carrion
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A medical student in 18 85 and studied the disease caused by Bartonella bacilliformis, that caused the Oroya fever. The Carrion's disease is named after him. He injected himself with the microbe
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Who was a surgeon that came up aseptic techniques for reducing microbes in a medical setting?
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Joseph Lister
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The assignment of scientific names to taxonomic categories and individual organisms
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Nomenclature
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The scientific classification of living beings
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Taxonomy
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The orderly arrangements of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa
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Classification
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The process of discovering and recording the traits of an organism
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Identification
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Name the 3 Domains
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Bacteria, eukarya, Archaea (microorganisms can be in any)
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What is anything that takes up space and has mass
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Matter
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Basic particle of matter and a stable unit
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Atoms
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What is mass?
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the amount of matter which when the force of gravity works on it is measured by weight
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Matter is composed of what ?
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Elements
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Can Elements be broken down into different parts?
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NO
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Elements are composed of identical
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atoms
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Protons
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have a positive charge and is found in the atom's nucleus
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Neutrons
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has mass and are electrically neutral
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Electron
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very little mass and have a negative charge, and is found orbiting around the nucleus at high speed in the electron cloud or shell
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Atomic Number
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the # on the top left, is the # of protons
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What are Isotopes?
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Atoms of the same element w/different # of neutrons
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How many electrons can be on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th outer shell?
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2,8,18,32
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what is a diagram of the atom showing electrons as dots in orbitals surrounding the nucleus
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Bohr model
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Unstable atoms do what?
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React w/ each other by sharing, gaining, or losing electrons in CHEMICAL BONDS
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Ionic bonds that form Ionic Compounds
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Gain or lose electrons and then attract one another to form an ionic bond
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Covalent bonds that form molecules
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Contain more than one atom bonded together by shared electrons
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What is a ANION?
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A negatively charged atom
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What is a Cation?
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A positively charge atom
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Cations and anions are electrically attracted to each other form what?
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Ionic Compound
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What type of bonds are relatively strong and stable?
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Covalent Bonds
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What kind of bond does water have?
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Covalent Bond, Hydrogen Bond. Polar bonds
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Example of Ionization
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The slight charges on the water molecule also allow it to dissolve ionic bonds like those is sodium chloride
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Nonpolar covalent bonds
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Electrons are shared equally. Bonds between the same atoms would be nonpolar
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Polar covalent bonds
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One element holds a shared electron more strongly than the other, or sharing is unequal. They form polar molecules
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Polar molecules
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Will have a slight negative on one end of the molecule, a slight positive on the other end
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Molecules that are not soluble in water have what kind of bond and are considered to be what?
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Nonpolar covalent bond and are Hydrophobic
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Molecules that are attracted to water have what kind of bond and are considered to be what?
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Polar Covalent Bond and are Hydrophilic
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What is the P.H of an acidic solution? and will it have more or less Hydrogen ?
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below 7, and will contain More hydrogen
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What is the P.H of an alkaline solution? and will it have more or less Hydrogen?
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Above 7, and will contain Less Hydrogen
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pH=
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1/log [H+]
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What dissociates into a cation that is always Hydrogen and an anion that is not O.H-
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Acids
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If you have a strong acid does more or less dissociation occur?
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More
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2 examples of an acid are
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HCl and HBr
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What dissociates into a cation that is never H+ and an anion that is OH-?
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Bases
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Which type of compound is small, usually w/o carbon (carbon dioxide is an exception) & hydrogen (water is an exception)
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Inorganic compound
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Which type of compound is generally large and complex, made of carbon and hydrogen. Some examples are: Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids.
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Organic compounds- found in and made by living things
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What is Carbohydrates ratio near
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1:2:1
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What is 3 major types of carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
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Describe Monosaccharide
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Simple sugar, building blocks, Glucose is the most important energy source in body, Fructose and galactose are monosaccharides
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Describe Disaccharide
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Sucrose (fructose + glucose), maltose (glucose + glucose), Lactose (glucose + galactose)2 monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds, dehydration reaction ( losses H20 when bond is formed)
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Describe Polysaccharides
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Starch, glycogen (used for energy storage) & cellulose ( cell wall-gives rigidity), agar (used in making media to grow bacterial cultures), Peptidoglycans (cell wall) Lipopolysaccharides (cell wall).
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How are bonds broken?
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Through hydrolysis reactions (adding water)
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Bonds are formed?
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Through dehydration synthesis (removal of water)
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Lipids contain a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of ?
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1:2
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Lipids include what?
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Fats, oils, steroids, fatty acids, and waxes
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Lipids are insoluble in ?
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water
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Fatty acids with a ? group at the end, that can dissolve in water.
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Carboxyl -COOH
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What uses fatty acids attached to ? to form ?
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Fats, glycerol, triglycerides
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What are large compounds of four connected rings of carbon?
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Steroids
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Most common steroid
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Cholesterol
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What contains glycerol, two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a nonlipid group?
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Phospholipid
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The most abundant lipid component in the cell membrane
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Phospholipid
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What can be enzymes, structural material, receptors, carriers, etc
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Proteins
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How many different amino acids are in the body
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20
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Amino Acids contain?
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Carbon bound to a hydrogen atom, amino group, carboxyl group, and a side chain
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Amino acids are connected with ??
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Peptide bonds
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Who discovered the shape of hemoglobin
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Max Perutz
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Francis Miescher concluded what?
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That all nuclei contains D.N.A.
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In 18 60 who discovered patterns of heredity in pea plants
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Gregor Mendel
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Two Classes of Nucleic acids
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DNA, RNA
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Nucleic acids are Large organic molecules composed of?
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Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
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Nucleic acids has strands of
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nucleotides
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What are nucleotides composed of?
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a Sugar, a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base
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James Watson and Francis Crick of 19 50 did what?
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came up with a structure for DNA
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What are D.N. A's 4 nitrogenous bases?
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Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine(Deoxyribose)
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What are R.N.A's 4 nitrogenous bases?
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Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil(ribose)
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Energy is stored by doing what?
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Converting A.D.P to A.T.P
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Is Adenosine Triphosphate (A.T.P.) a nucleic acid
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Yes
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What is the most important energy storage molecule?
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A.T.P
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What are the five I's of culturing Microorganism?
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Inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, identification
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What is an example of inoculation?
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introduces a tiny sample into a nutrient medium where the microorganisms can multiply. Example: Inoculation loop and q-tip or needle
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What is a Incubation?
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Samples are placed in a temperature controlled chamber where microorganisms can multiply.
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How is media classified?
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Physical state, chemical composition, functional type
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What is physical type of media?
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Liquid media, Semi-solid media, solid media
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What is liquid media?
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liquid at temps above freezing, broth is an ex. which contains beef extract
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What is semi-solid media?
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It has a clot consistency because it contains some agar. Does not have solid surface. media moves to detect motility. can be a plate or tube
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What is solid media?
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firm surface on which cells will form a discrete colony. has more agar than semi-solid
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Who was Fanny Hesse?
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In 18 81, she worked in Koch's lab, and discovered agar-agar, and when it was added to the liquid broth it created the perfect solid medium.
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What is agar?
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a complex polysaccharide that comes from the red alga Gelidium
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What is chemical composition? ( Defined Media)
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WWhen all components are known media is considered to be defined, can contain amino acids and salts. Example: broth agar
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What is complex media?
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it is when all components are not known. Example: blood, extracts, ground up cells.
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What is the purpose of Functional type?
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it is used to grow a wide range of bacteria and it has enriched media that contains organic substances or other growth factors
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What is selective media?
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Inhibits the growth of some microbes but not others. Example: MacConkey only allows gram negative enterics.
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What is differential media?
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Allows growth for multiple types of microbes, but causes different organisms to exhibit different characteristics. Example: dyes
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What are enzymes that lyse red blood cells called?
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Hemolysins
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What happens when beta hemolysis takes place?
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A yellowing appears in the area where the microbe grows.
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If NO lysis occurs what is it then called?
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Gamma Hemolysis
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What happens when Alpha Hemolysis takes place?
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there is some lysis and a greening of the agar
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What type of media does Anaerobic bacteria grow on?
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Reducing media, it contains thioglycolic acid or cysteine. That absorbs oxygen
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How do you use different medias to help you determine what an unknown organism is?
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Analytical profile index (A.P.I.), and Enterotube Multitest system
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What is isolation and its requirments?
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when a single bacteria cell is isolated from other cells it will grow into a colony of one species and no other. It req. a firm agar surface
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Describe the strike plate method?
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Sterilize the inoculating loop, spread the inoculum, re-sterilize it, streak over new section of plate, repeat in different area, incubate
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What is the pour plate method?
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Loop Dilution, (colony isolation). Inoculum forms colonies both in and on the medium. Ideal for microaerophilic bacteria (needs little O2 to grow). It mixes melted agar with the dilution of bacteria culture.
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Describe the spread plate method?
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the inoculum is spread over an already pre-poured agar then is spread out w/bent rod (hockey stick)
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How will the pour plate and spread plate look differently?
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The spread plate will have less colonies that the pour plate
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What is a pure culture (Axenic)
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A culture that grows only one type of microorganism.
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What is a mixed culture?
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A culture that holds 2 or more species of microorganisms. Considered CONTAMINATED
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What are the inspection test?
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Phenotypic, Genotypic, Immunologic
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What is phenotypic testing?
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looking at the appearance & determining chemical characteristics
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What is genotypic testing?
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Determining the .D.N.A. present in the cells
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What is Immunologic testing?
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uses antibodies to determine what antigens are present
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How do you identify the types of microbes that is in your culture?
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Phenotypic, genotypic, and immunologic testing
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What are light microscopes used to see?
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things that are between 1um and 100um
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What does the objective lens form?
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Real image
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Ocular lens forms What?
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second image
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What is total magnification?
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when the objective lens is multiplied by the magnification in the ocular lens
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What magnification are ocular lenses?
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10.x(10 times) low power objective
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What is the magnification of the scanning objective lens?
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4.x (4 times)
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What magnification is the high power objective?
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40.x (40 times)
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A magnification of 10.0x (100 times) is considered?
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Oil immersion objective
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What is the purpose of oil on the lens at 100x?
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Prevents light from scattering after passing through the glass slide and before entering the lens
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What is Resolution?
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the capacity of an optical system to separate 2 adjacent objects or points from one another
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What is contrast?
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the degree that an image can be distinguished from its environment. It is measured in refractive index
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Who developed the fixed stain smears?
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Koch
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What is the purpose of a fixed stain smear?
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to make a slide for a long term obeservation
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What is staining?
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the use of dyes in order to make microorganisms stand out against their background.
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What is the purpose of basic dyes?
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They are cationic (positive),and they are attracted to many of the negatively charge acidic substances found on cells. Ex: crystal violet, methylene blue, safranin
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What is the purpose of acidic dyes?
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They are anionic (negative), and they are repelled by cells and are therefore useful in negative staining. Ex: India ink nigrosine
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What are the types of positive staining?
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Simple, special, and differential staining
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What is simple staining and its purpose?
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the use of one dye, and it reveals basic shapes of cells and their arrangement.
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Define and describe the purpose of a differential stain?
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uses different color dyes to distinguish 2 different cell types or cell parts.
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What are the types of differential staining?
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Gram-stain, acid-fast stain, & endospore stain
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What is gram stain?
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most common, Hans Christian Gram developed it. and helps distinguish between gram-positive and gram-negative.
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Another word for spontaneous generation meaning without life beginning
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Abiogenesis
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What type of staining depends on the structure of the bacterial cell wall?
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Gram-staining
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What are the 4 groups of organisms that can be distinguished with gram-staining?
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Gram-positive, gram-negative, gram-nonreactive, and gram-variable
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How do you identify a gram-positive organism?
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cell wall will retain a purple color
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How do you identify a gram-negative organism?
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cell wall does NOT retain purple color so they appear red or pink
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How is gram-nonreactive organisms identified?
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They don't stain or stain poorly
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How is gram-variable identified?
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they stain unevenly, they have lost their ability to react to the gram-stain. it could be caused by the aging of the cell wall (24-48 hrs old)
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What is acid-fast stain?
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differentiates between acid-fast bacteria, and non acid fast bacteria.
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What color does acid-fast bacteria stain?
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bright red color
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what color does non acid-fast bacteria stain?
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Blue
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Why was the acid-fast stain created?
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to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in tissue samples. Used for detecting Tuberculosis, Nocardia, and Leprosy.
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What is a resistant cell called?
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Endospore
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What type of cells do endospores differentiate from?
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Vegetative cells
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What is the purpose of endospore staining?
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to differentiate endospore cells from vegetative cells
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When will it be necessary to use the special stain technique?
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When certain cell parts need to be emphasize that is not shown in conventional staining
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What are the types of special staining?
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Capsule staining and Flagellar
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What are prokaryotic cells
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Lack a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed structures.
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What are Eukaryotic cells?`
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has membrane bound organelles and nucleus that contains D.N.A, inside Nuclear Envelope
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What is Eukaryotes?
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All plants, animals, fungi, and protest (parasite)
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What is Prokaryotes?
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A single cell and all bacteria
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How is the DNA package in Bacteria and Archaea? (Prokaryotes)
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The DNA is floating free in the cytoplasm
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Describe the cell walls of bacteria
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it has a sturdy wall of peptiglycans
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Does bacteria and archaea have membrane bound organelles?
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NO
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Coccus shaped
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ball shaped
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Bacillus
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Rod shaped (cylindrical)
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Spirillum
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slightly spiral shaped with rigid helix corkscrew
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Spirochete
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resembles a spring, flexible
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Coccobacillus
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short plump rod
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Vibrio
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gently curved rod
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Pleomorphism
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when one species have cells that vary in size and shape due to different genetics or nutrition
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Irregular clusters of cocci
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staphylococci
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chains of cocci
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streptococci
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what is cubical package of 8,16, or more cells
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Sarcina
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Bacilli with chains of several cells
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Streptobacilli
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Palisades
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cells of a chain remain partially attached at the ends and then form a hinge like structure
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Bacterial cell membrane
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thin sheet of lipid protein that surrounds the cytoplasm
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Job of bacterial cell membrane
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controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell
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Bacterial cell cytoplasm
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water based solution that fills the cell
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Ribosomes inside the bacterial cell
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tiny protein particles that are the site of protein synthesis
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Circular chromosomes in a bacterial cell
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condensed DNA molecules that code for all of the proteins
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What determines a bacterial cells shape?
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the cell wall, it has a semi rigid casing that provides structural support
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What is the bacterial cells capsule called
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Glycocalyx or slime layer
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What is the glycocalyx?
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a coating of molecules external to the cell wall, helps protect, receptor function, adhesion
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Some bacteria have?
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Pili, flagella, plasmids, S layer, cytoskeleton, inclusions, endospores
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What is flagella purpose?
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used in motility but can be used for attachments
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What are the 3 parts of flagella
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filament, hook, and basal body
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Does All spirilla have flagella?
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NO
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Half of ? has flagella
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bacilli
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What is filament? (bacteria flagella)
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helical structure made of protein
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how is the filament used?
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it is inserted into a hook that is anchored to the cell by the basal body
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What is the basal body
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is a stack of rings that is stuck to the cell membrane through the cell wall
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What does the basal body help the filament do?
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it allows the filament to rotate 360 degrees
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Monotrichous
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single flagellum
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Lophotichous
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small tufts of flagella emerging from the same site.
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amphitrichous
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flagella at both poles
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Polar
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flagella are attached at one or both poles
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Peritrichous
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flagella dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell
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Chemotaxis
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movement affected by chemicals
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Run
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bacteria moving in a smooth linear direction
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Tumble
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bacteria stops and changes direction
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Positive chemotaxis
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the attractant binds cell receptors and inhibits tumble and increases run
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Negative Chemotaxis
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repellants cause numerous tumbles that increase direction changes away from the repellent
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Phototaxis
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movement toward or away from light
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What is a pilusPilus
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is a long rigid tubular structure made of the protein pilin. They are only found on gram-negative bacteria
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What are fimbrae
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small bristles like fiber and they are responsible for the development of biofilms
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What does conjugation involves
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the partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another
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How are plasmids shared
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when the pilus from the donor cell unites with a recipient cell and pulls it close
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does conjugation involve pili
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NO
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Can Conjugation occur in gram-positive bacteria
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YES
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Why is Biofilm hard to treat
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because it has glycocalyx
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Does bacteria create a S layer if there is no hostile conditions
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NO
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Difference in slime layer and capsule.
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Slime layer- loose covering, Capsule- tight covering
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what is Peptidoglycan
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a stable cross linked structure, where amino acids from one chain formed a covalent bond with the amino acids on another chain
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The cross linking is catalyzed by the enzyme ?
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Transpeptidase
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Gram-positive cell envelope has how many layers made of what?
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2 layers, peptidoglycans and cell membrane
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How many layers does the gram-negative cell envelope have
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3 layers, outer cell membrane, thin cell wall, inner cell membrane
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Gram positive cell wall contains what?
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polysaccharides, teichoic acid, and lipoteichoic acid
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Gram negative cell walls contains
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Lipopolysaccharides
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Is gram negative cell wall more sensitive to lysis
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YES
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Penicillin destroys what
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Cell walls
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What does penicillin interfere with?
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Transpeptidase
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Penicillin has what is known as?
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Beta lactam ring
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What does vancomycin prevent
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cell wall synthesis
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Protein synthesis occurs where?
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Ribosomes their chains are called polysomes
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what is stored with the bacterial cytoplasm
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Nutrients
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What are granules
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are inclusions w/o a membrane
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Vegetative cell is?
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active metabolically and will start forming an endospore if conditions become harsh (SPORULATION)
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Dormit bodies are called
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Spores
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Are endospore forming species gram positive or gram negative
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Gram positive
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Are endospores dehydrated?
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YES
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Archaea cell wall lack?
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peptidoglycans structure
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what does methanogens do?
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convert gas
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Extreme halophilies
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require salt to grow. they live in sea, salt lakes and salt fish. but NOT ocean
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Psychrophilic
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low temps
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hyperthermophilic
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high temperatures
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What are the essential nutrients all microbes need? (C.H.O.N.P.S)
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur
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What did Louis Pasteur do?
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realized that rabies was contagious but was unable to isolate a bacteria responsible for the disease. Named it a virus.
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Obligate intracellular Parasite
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virus
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Are viruses cells
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NO
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Does viruses have protein synthesizing cells
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NO
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What kind of appearance does a virus have
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crystalline
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What is the viral capsid
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the shell that surrounds the nucleic acid in the central core of the virus
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Together the capsid and the nucleic acid are called
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nucleocapsid
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Some viruses has an envelope that covers the ?
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Capsid
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Virion
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a virus capable of infecting
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What are capsomers
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capsids that are made of identical protein subunits
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Helical capsid (influenza)
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RNA is coiled, Cylindrical,
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Icosahedral
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3-D and 20-sided. Example: adenovirus,herpes
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Complex capsid
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all viruses that infect bacteria are complex (bacteriophages)
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What is the purpose of glycoproteins on the viral envelope
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act as spikes, that are important for attaching to the next host.
