Psy 210-1 Human Growth and Development – Flashcards
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What is the purpose of glycoproteins on the viral envelope
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act as spikes, that are important for attaching to the next host.
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what is life span development
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examination of biological, cognitive, psychological and social changes that occur over the course of human life
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define and explain the biopsychosocial model of development
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the continuity and change in the bio psychosocial characteristics of human beings both as individuals and as groups
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what is life span psychology
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study of human development from conception to death
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describe continuity vs discontinuity
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continuity- lasting quality of experiences development proceeds steadily and sequentially; discontinuity- behaviors that are apparently unrelated to earlier aspects of development
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define and describe the four the variable designs used in developmental psychology including: one-time, one-group and longitudinal studies
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onetime, onegroup- study carried out once w one group of participants; longitudinal studies- in which the researcher makes several observations of the same individuals at two or more times in their lives
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define and describe the four the variable designs used in developmental psychology including: cross-sectional and sequential studies
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cross-sectional: studies that compare groups of individuals of various ages at the same time; sequential studies: cross sectional studies done at several times with the same group of individuals
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describe the developmental periods of the life span
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prenatal, infancy(birth-2yrs), early childhood(2-3yrs), middle childhood(5-12yrs), adolescence(12-18yrs), early adulthood(18-25yrs), middle adulthood(25-65yrs), late adulthood(65+yrs)
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scientific methods used in conducting lifespan research including case studies and correlational studies
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case studies- in depth investigation of an individual or small group of people; correlational studies form a hypothesis, collect data, and communicate the findings
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describe manipulative experiments
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the change that an experimenter deliberately produces in a situation. All variables remain the same except for one
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major issues in lifespan development
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discontinuity vs continuity nature vs. nurture
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discuss the different ways childhood is perceived over the course of history. how did those perceptions affect the treatment of children?
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Children are more complex conflicting interpretation of an adolescent continue to rage today
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values, beliefs, and characteristics of a person
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culture
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adolescence begins in what and ends in what?
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biology; culture
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the typical research article contains four sections
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introduction, method, results, and discussion
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how does psychoanalytic theory explain development across the lifespan
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failure to pass through a stage of development results in fixation, psychosexual stages oral anal phallic latency, and genital
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what are the erikson's 8 stages of human development
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Trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and guilt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identify vs. confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, integrity vs. despair
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what is a life crisis
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main tension to resolve any conflict that happens in the eight stages
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define theory
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belief or idea that is based on information and evidence
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sigmund freud five psychosexual stages of development
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oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital, oedipus, complex and electra complex (phallic)
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distinguish between id ego and super ego
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id- structure of mind relating to basic instincts strive to secure pleasure; ego- central part of personality keep id in check-super ego-conscience
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responsible for cognitive developmental theory
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piaget
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distinguish between adaption, assimilation and accomodation
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adaption- consists of assimilation and accommodation; assimilation- the way we incorporate new data into existing schemes; accommodation- the manner in which schemes change
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define classical condition/responsible for developmant
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learning by associating a neutral stimulus with an involuntary response that is usually elicited by another stimulus –Ivan Pavlov
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distinguish reinforcement; positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
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anything that increase the likelihood a response will occur in future;positive reinforcement- an event that increases the likelihood of a desired response in the future; negative reinforcement- an event that when it ceases to occur makes that response mor
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define social cognitive learning
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banduras theory that refers to the process whereby the information we glean from observing other influences our behaviour
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parts of bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
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microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrostystem, chronosystem
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part of the ecological theory where it is the blue print of any society
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macro system
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define developmental systems theory
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set of beliefs leading to the conclusion that we construct our views of the world
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the stages of the prenatal period
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germinal, embryonic, fetus
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what is the zygote
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the cell that results when the egg is fertilized by the sperm
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distinguish between genotype and phenotype
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genotype- a person’s genetic makeup that is invisible to the naked eye; phenotype- observable characteristics or traits
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chromosomal disorders
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down syndrome, fragile x, turner syndrome
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genetic disorders
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tay sacs, sickle cell, pku, spinal bifida
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distinguish between mitosis and meiosis
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mitosis- cell division in which number of chromosomes remain same - 46; meiosis-chromosomes are halved - 23
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explain the three stages of the typical birth process
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dilation, expulsion, and after birth
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distinguish between ivf, gift, and iui
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ivf- fertilization occurs in a petri dish and the embryos are transferred into womans uterus; gift- sperm and egg are surgically placed in fallopian tube; iui- sperm (donor or father) is injected into a womans uterus
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identify and explain neonatal assessment techniques
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apgar scale and braselton neonal assessment scale
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kangaroo care
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skin to skin interaction
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identify the methods of childbirth
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natural and cesarean
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describe braxton-hicks contractions
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relatively mild muscle contractions that occur before childbirth (training of the muscles before real contractions)
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discuss postpartum blues vs more severe mental health problems of postpartum depression
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blues last 1-2 weeks; post-partum depression longer than 2-3 weeks and relate to mental illness
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describe failure to thrive
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not eating enough
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describe sudden infant death syndrome (sids), sleeping disorders, and respiratory distress syndrome
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sids- unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant, usually between 2 and four months of age; RDS- problem common with premature babies caused by a lack of substance that keep air sacs in the lungs open; sleep disorders- brief periods when breathing i
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identify the major accomplishments achieved by the end of the sensorimotor period
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reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary schemes, tertiary circular reactions, and internalization of schemes
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summarize the role of attachment theory in infants
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Ainsworth is developer and attachment theory is behaviour intended to keep a child in close proximity to significant other
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distinguish parts of the neuron
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dendrite, axon, terminal buttons, myelin sheath
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define habituation
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a decrease in an infant's attention when repeatedly seen over a period of time
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the final area to develop
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the brain/ visual area
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detail vygotsky's theory of the zone of proximal development. how is the concept of scaffolding linked to zpd?
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scaffolding- the systematic use of support to assist a child in his or her performance on a given task; ZPD- range of ability a child possess on a given task from working independently to working with assistance from adults to older children
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when was head start initiated
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1960s
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using large muscles is referred to as
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gross motor skills
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summarize the rules of language acquisition in early childhood development
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phonology- describes a languages sound system; syntax- word order, how sentences are put together; semantics- interpreting the meaning of words; pragmatics- how language is used in social context and how people converse using past and present
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distinguish the difference between the four types of parenting
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authoritarian- demanding; authoritative- reason with child and respond to child with compassion; permissive- tolerant accepting view of their child’s behavior, rarely punished; uninvolved- neglectful, undemanding, emotionally unsupportive of their child
