Rutgers Oncology Olympiad – Flashcards
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Nucleus
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Control center of the cell. Contains all genetic information.
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Mitochondria
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Powerhouse of the cell. Converts sugar to usable energy by cellular respiration.
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Ribosomes
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Site of protein synthesis.
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Golgi Apparatus
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Packagaing center of the cell. Packages and secretes proteins.
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Centrioles
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Organizes microtubules (spindle fibers) for mitosis.
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Chromosomes
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Made of condense DNA and proteins. Codes for genetic traits.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Transports intracellular materials.
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Gap 0 (G0)
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Resting Stage
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Gap 1 (G1)
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Growth
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Synthesis (S)
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DNA Replication
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Gap 2 (G2)
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Growth
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Mitosis (M)
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Nuclear Division and Cytokinesis
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Interphase
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name given to the G1, S, and G2 phases
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Prophase
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Centrioles move to opposite poles; chromosomes become visible; mitotic spindles begin to form
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Metaphase
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Chromosomes line up along the center of the cell
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Anaphase
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Sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers and move towards opposite poles
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Telophase
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Daughter chromosomes decondense upon reaching spindle fibers; nuclear envelope reforms
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Cancerous cells
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More cells; Irregular Shapes; More Nuclei; Less Cytoplasm
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Normal cells
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Less Cells; Even Shapes; Less Nuclei; More Cytoplasm
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Mammogram
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Uses X-rays, panels. Used for screening or diagnosis. Shows us whether a lump is benign or cancerous.
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MRI
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Uses radio waves, magnets computer, scanning table. Used to assess abnormal areas on a mammogram, or that are felt after breast surgery or treatment. Also useful for imaging dense breast tissue. Shows us the extent of a tumor.
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Ultrasound
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Uses sound waves, transducer computer. Used to clarify a mammogram of make a diagnosis. Shows us lumps that are hard to see on a mammogram. Also used to distinguish between tumors and fluid-filled cysts.
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Biopsy
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Uses needles, scalpels, etc. Used to diagnose cancer. Shows us whether or not a tissue sample contains cancer cells.
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Pathology reports
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Written medical documents that describe specimens that were collected by a doctor and sent to a pathologist for analysis. These reports help doctors diagnose a condition so a doctor can prescribe the best course of action to treat a particular disease.
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First information you should look for
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patient's name, age and gender
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Estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR)
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Hormones that stimulate the development and maintenance of female characteristics.
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HER-2/neu
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protein involved in normal cell growth
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Recurrent cancer
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cancer that has come back (recurred) after a period of time when it could not be detected
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Tumor
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A mass of extra tissue that develops when new cells continue to be produced when they are not needed.
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Tumor grade
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a system used to classify cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread
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Histologic grade
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how much the tumor cells resemble normal cells of the same tissue type
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Nuclear grade
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the size and shape of the nucleus in tumor cells and the percentage of tumor cells that are dividing
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Cancer stage
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the extent or severity of the cancer, based on factors, such as the location of the primary tumor, tumor size, number of tumors, and lymph node involvement (spread of cancer into lymph nodes)
