Community Nutrition – exam 2 – Flashcards
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Select the three categories for the indicators of community health status as defined by the RWJF/University of Wisconsin County Health Rankings.
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-Premature Death -Birth Outcomes -Health Related Quality of Life
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Environmental factors included as determinants of disease in epidemiology include:
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-living conditions -occupation -geographical locatin (does NOT include nutrition status)
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The most rigorous evaluation of a dietary hypothesis is the...
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randomized controlled trial
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The most appropriate use of a correlational study is...
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generating hypotheses
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_____ studies examine the relationships among dietary intake, diseases, and other variables as they exist in a population at a particular time.
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Cross-sectional
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_____ studies compare the frequency of events (or disease rates) in different populations
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Correlational
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The relative risk of lung cancer in people with low fruit and vegetable intake compared to those with high intake is about 2.0. This means that the people with....
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low fruit/vegetable intake were at twice the risk of developing cancer.
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Matching: scientific method and description: Problem is identified
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observation & question
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Matching: scientific method and description: A tentative solution to the problem is formulated
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hypothesis & prediction
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Matching: scientific method and description: A study is designed and conducted to collect relevant data
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experiment
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Matching: scientific method and description: Conclusions are drawn based on collected data
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results & interpretations
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Matching: scientific method and description: Integrates conclusions of studies that support the hypothesis
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Theory
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Prevalence
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The number of existing cases of a disease in a given population
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Incidence
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The number of new cases of a disease during a specific time period in a defined population
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Cohort
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A well-defined group of people who are studied over a period of time
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Food balance sheets
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National accounts of the annual production of food, changes in stocks, imports/exports, and food distribution
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Risk
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The probability that people will aquire a disease
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Case-control study
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a type of observational analytic study
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Confounding factor
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A "hidden" characteristic that is distributed differently in the study and control groups that may cause an association that the researchers attribute to other factors
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Determinants
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Causes and factors that affect the risk of disease
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Vital Statistics
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Figures pertaining to life events
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Case
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A particular instance of a disease or outcome of interest
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Case-Control study
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-relies on recall or existing records about past exposures -difficult to select suitable comparison group -relatively quick and inexpensive as it requires relatively few subjects
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Cohort study
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-can calculate and compare rates in exposed and unexposed -Need to study large numbers of individuals, which may take years to accomplish -May provide incomplete data from subject loss to follow-up
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The incidence rate can be determined by _______ studies.
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cohort
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In epidemiological studies, when should the hypotheses be formulated?
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At the outset of the study
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Food consumed away from the home is an example of food consumption data at the ______ level.
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household
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Epidemiology differs from clinical medicine and laboratory science because of its focus on...
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populations
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_____ bias may occur if study participants were self-selected or not randomly assigned.
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Selection bias
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Increased consumption of _____ accounts for the greatest proportion of the overall increase in the U.S. energy intake.
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carbohydrates
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Excessive fat is indicated by a waist circumference of ______ for men and _____ for women
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> 40 inches for men & >35 inches for women.
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The County Health Rankings use what measure from what source of data for the Premature Death category to help establish Community Health Status?
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Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) from the National vital Statistics System as provided by the CDC's National Center for Health Statistics.
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_____ studies compare the frequency of events (or disease rates) in different populations.
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Correlational
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Which are not risk factors for heart disease?
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High LDL, low LDL
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By 2030, approximately ___ percent of the population will be over 65 years of age.
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21%
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Which of the following is NOT a public priority issued for the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics?
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Increased funding for WIC
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After a bill is introduced in either body of Congress, the bill is sent...
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to a committee
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Once a bill as been sent from the Congress to the president, the President may...
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-sign it into law, at which point it becomes an act OR -veto it, which means it cannot become a law
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The bill authorizing the WIC supplemental feeding program became Public Law 92-433. The numbers 92-433 stand for:
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Bill number 433, enacted by the 92nd Congress.
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In the House of Representatives, which committee has jurisdiction over revenue bills?
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Ways and Means Committee
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Matching-Committee w/ Department: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
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DHHS
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Matching-Committee w/ Department: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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DHHS
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Matching-Committee w/ Department: Food and Nutrition Service
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USDA
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Matching-Committee w/ Department: Food Safety and Inspection Service
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USDA
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Matching-Committee w/ Department: National Institutes of Health
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DHHS
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Matching-Committee w/ Department: Administration on Aging
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DHHS
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Matching-Committee w/ Department: Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion
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USDA
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Matching-Committee w/ Department: Public Health Service
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DHHS
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Matching-Committee w/ Department: Agricultural Research Service
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USDA
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Matching-Committee w/ Department: Food and Drug Administration
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DHHS
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Expressing Support for Designation of September as National Childhood Obesity Awareness Month
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Supports the designation of National Childhood Obesity Awareness Month to raise public awareness and mobilize the country to address childhood obesity
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Healthy Children through School Nutrition Education Act
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Amends section 9A of the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act to require local educational agencies participating in the school lunch or breakfast program to include in their school wellness policies the requirement that each student receive 50 hours of nutrition education each school year
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Fitness Integrated with Teaching Kids Act (FIT Kids Act)
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Amends the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 to promote healthy, active lifestyles by students and require annual educational agency report cards to include information on school health and physical education programs
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Physical Education to Create a Healthier Nation Act
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Amends the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 to establish minimum times students should spend in physical education activities
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Healthy Lifestyles and Prevention Act of America (HeLP America Act)
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Aims to improve the health of Americans and reduce health care costs by reorienting the nation's health care system toward prevention, wellness, and health promotion
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Safe and Complete Streets Act of 2011
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Ensures that all users of the transportation system can travel safely and conveniently on streets and highways
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Safe Routes to School Program Reauthorization Act
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Maintains Safe Routes to School as a standalone transportation program
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nutrition assessment
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The measurement of indicators of dietary status to identify impaired nutritional status
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nutrition monitoring
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Assessment of dietary or nutritional status at intermittent times with the aim of detecting changes in the status of a population
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nutrition surveillance
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Continuous assessment of nutritional status for the purpose of detecting changes in trends or distributions so that corrective measures can be taken
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nutrition screening
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A system that identifies specific individuals for nutrition or public health intervention, often at the community level
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Problem
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significant gap between current reality and the desired state of affairs
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policy agenda
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set of problems to which policy makers give their attention
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institutional agenda
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issues that are the subject of public policy
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budget authority
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amounts that govnt agencies are allowed to spend in implementing their programs
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budget outlays
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amounts actually paid out by govnt agencies
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appropriation
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authority to spend money
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Power players
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They are "in the know" and understand the political system
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Party People
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They have strong party allegiance and know their party members
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willing workers
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they will work diligently to get a task completed
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banner carriers
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they feels strongly about an issue but prefer to talk rather than do anything about it
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critics
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they aren't happy with the way things are, but aren't willing to do anything about it.
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fence sitters
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they seldom get involved, but can be motivated on a specific issue.
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The first step in the policy cycle is:
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problem definition and agenda setting
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_____ is the process in which people concerned about an issue work to bring the issue to the attention of govnt. officials.
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Agenda Setting
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In which phase of the policy-making process are tools/instruments for dealing with the problem chosen?
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Policy Adoption
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A set of nationwide guidelines that specify how the nutritional needs of the population will be met is..
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National nutrition policy
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Of the following choices select ALL that represent the mission of the USDA. Based on sound public policy, the best available science, and efficient management, the mission is to provide leadership on:
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-food -nutrition -rural development -agriculture -natural resources
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The overall mission of the Department of Health and Human Services is to:
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promote, protect, and advance the nation's physical and mental health
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The Food and Drug Administration is an agency of the
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Department of Health and Human Services
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The National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Program is operated by:
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The USDA ; DHHS
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Matching: Use of NNMRRP data with an example: Correlate food consumption and dietary status with incidence of disease over time
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historical trends
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Matching: Use of NNMRRP data with an example: Develop food guides and dietary guidance materials
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Food programs and guidance
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Matching: Use of NNMRRP data with an example: Establish nutrient requirements such as DRIs
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scientific research
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Matching: Use of NNMRRP data with an example: Determine populations at risk of having diets low or high in certain nutrients
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assessment of dietary intake
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Matching: Use of NNMRRP data with an example: Develop food labeling policies
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regulatory
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Matching: Use of NNMRRP data with an example: Assess progress toward achieving the objectives in Healthy People 2020
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monitoring and surveillance
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The ______ is the dietary interview component of the current NHANES program
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What we eat in America survey
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The ______ has the responsibility for processing the dietary data derived from the food recalls within the What We Eat in America Survey
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Agricultural Research Service
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Which of the following national surveys is/are used most frequently to assess obesity data?
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BRFSS and NHANES
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The _______, with the USDA's division of Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services, target(s) obesity-related programs and policies
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion & Food and Nutrition Service
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The ____ developed the Healthy Eating Index.
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion
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The ______ oversees claims of health effects and labeling of food.
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Federal Trade Commission
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In order for the Dietary Guidelines for Americans to be implemented, they must be...
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translated into food-specific behaviors for consumers.
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Total Diet Study
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-It is designed to assess organic and elemental contaminants of the US food supply -The survey is conducted annually by the FDA -The selected minerals in Food Survey is a component
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According to 'Got Milk' in the Back Story audio file, what was the public health push in 1957 to reduce heart disease directed towards and why?
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reducing milk intake because it contains cholesterol
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In 1968, a review of nutrition experts, studies, and public opinion was begun by what committee in the US legislature?
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The senate health and nutrition and McGoverns
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What were the primary health and nutrition concerns driving the work of the committee beginning in 1968?
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Extreme hunger nationwide and Increased incidence of heart disease
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The objective of this Commitee's interviews with authors of nutrition and health research studies and experts in nutrition was to:
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develop recommendations about what Americans should eat to prevent heart disease
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The final wording on one of the guidelines from the Committee was changed from what to what?
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eat less meat became eat lean meat
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The systematic review - Common Syndromes in Older Adults Related to Primary and Secondary Prevention - was commissioned by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. The objectives of the review, according to the abstract of the report include
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-to create a systematic synthesis of the published evidence about the prevalence of eight geriatric syndromes -to analyze the prevalence of geriatric syndromes and their association with survival of the elderly and their institutionalization - to review models that report survival in the elderly populations to determine whether complex mortality models added more information than simpler models
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If you wanted to validate that the primary or secondary intervention programs your study group wants to present to class have high levels of evidence supporting their use, of the following resources, select those you could reference for evidence analysis.
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A.Cochrane Reviews funded by multiple International Agencies B.Nutrition Evidence Library (NEL) established by the USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion C.The Evidence Analysis Library (EAL) of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics D. Agency for Healthcare Research Quality (AHRQ) established by the Department of Health and Human Services
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Select all of the correct answers. Most of the studies used, 62 percent, were prospective cohort studies or national surveys including:
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B. The National Survey of Self-Care and Aging C. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey D. The National Health Interview Survey
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The agency that funded the report - The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality - resides in what Operating Division of what Federal Department? (Text: page 174 - 179)
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The Public Health Service of the Department of Health and Human Services
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What is the most typical way in which epidemiologists work toward controlling and preventing health problems?
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Formulation of health policies
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The epidemiological method was initially used to investigate, control, and prevent epidemics of
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infectious diseases.
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In epidemiological terms, smoking cigarettes would be an example of a(n) _____ risk factor and the data would be collected through the _____________of the NNMRRP.
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behavioral, BRFSS
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Methods of assessing household food consumption include which of the following?
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Records of number of meals eaten at home or away from the home
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Epidemiology differs from clinical medicine and laboratory science because of its focus on
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populations
