SYO 3400 Lesson 1: Introduction to The Sociology of Health, Illness & Healing – Flashcards

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Medical Sociology -- Ruderman 1982
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The study of health care as it is institutionalized in a society, and of health, or illness, and its relationship to social factors.
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Social Medicine -- 20th Century
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Efforts to improve public health.
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Medical Sociology emerged as a result of: -- According to Rodney Cope 1970 & others -- Occurred in the 1950s & 1960s
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1. Changing Patterns of Morbidity & Mortality 2. The Impact of Preventive Medicine & Public Health 3. The Impact of Modern Psychiatry 4. The Impact of Administrative Medicine
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Changing Patterns of Morbidity & Mortality
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During this time, the primary causes of sickness and death shifted from acute, infectious diseases to chronic, degenerative diseases. The factors associated with these types of diseases are more obviously interwoven with social patterns and lifestyle, the necessity for sociological contributions became more apparent.
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The Impact of Preventive Medicine & Public Health
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In the 1800s & early 1900s, public health focused mostly on bacteriology and immunology. As the 20th century progressed, it became apparent that protection of public as poverty, malnutrition, and congested living areas-all of interest health also required consideration of social factors such to sociologists.
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The Impact of Modern Psychiatry
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The development of psychiatry led to increased interest in the psychophysiological basis for many diseases and illnesses, in the importance of effective interaction between patients and practitioners, and in the use of patients' social environments as a part of therapy.
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The Impact of Administrative Medicine
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The abilities of sociologists to analyze organizations and structures, to identify those who are harmed as well as those who gain by various arrangements, and to examine the consequences of alternative techniques were increasingly useful skills in organizationally complex environments.
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In the 1950s & 1960s, medical schools began to hire sociologists for their faculties. This move symbolized:
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An increasing recognition of sociology's potential contribution to understanding disease and illness.
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Major Topics of Analysis in Medical Sociology
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1. The Relationships Between the Social Environment and Health and Illness 2. Health and Illness Behavior 3. Health Care Practitioners and Their Relationships with Patients 4. The Health Care System 5. The Sociological Perspective
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The Relationships Between the Social Environment and Health and Illness
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1. Social Epidemiology 2. Social Stress
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Social Epidemiology
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The study of patterns and trends in the causes and distribution of disease and illness within a population based on social factors, rather than (or in addition to) biological ones.
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Social Stress
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The study of the imbalance or unease created when demands on a person exceed resources to deal with them.
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Health and Illness Behavior
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1. Health Behavior 2. Experiencing Disability & Illness
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Health Behavior
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The study of behaviors intended to promote positive health.
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Experiencing Disability & Illness
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The study of ways that people perceive, interpret, and act in response to illness.
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Health Care Practitioners and Their Relationships with Patients
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1. Physicians and the Profession of Medicine 2. Medical Education and the Socialization of Physicians 3. Nurses, Mid-Level Health Care Practitioners, and Allied Health Workers 4. Alternative and Complementary Healing Practices 5. The Physician-Patient Relationship
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Physicians and the Profession of Medicine
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The study of medicine as a profession and the role of medicine within society.
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Medical Education and the Socialization of Physicians
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The study of the education and socialization of physicians in medical schools.
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Nurses, Mid-Level Health Care Practitioners, and Allied Health Workers
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The study of issues pertaining to non-physician health care providers.
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Alternative and Complementary Healing Practices
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The study of healers and healing practices outside conventional medicine.
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The Physician-Patient Relationship
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The study of patterns in the way that physicians and patients relate to each other and factors that influence these patterns.
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The Health Care System
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The study of the organization, regulation, financing, and important problems in the health care system.
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Health Care Delivery
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The study of the organizations and agencies (including hospitals) that provide health care services.
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The Social Effects of Health Care Technology
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The study of the social consequences and public policy choices of new health care technologies.
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Comparative Health Care Systems
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The study of health care systems in other countries.
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The Sociological Perspective
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Requires an ability to think about things in a manner other than that to which many are accustomed. Sociology attempts to understand human behavior by placing it in a social context-that is, by looking for social patterns and by examining the influence of social forces or circumstances that have an impact on human behavior.
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Sociological Imagination -- C. Wright Mills
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Ability to see how larger social patterns (public Issues) influence individual behavior (personal troubles)
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Major Theoretical Perspectives in Medical Sociology
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1. Symbolic Interactionism 2. Functionalism
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Symbolic Interactionism
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Views symbols, things to which we attach meaning, as the basis of social life.
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Symbolic Interactionists
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They see health as a human condition measured by 4 components: physical, mental, social, and spiritual. Don't try to define "true" health or "true" illness.
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Functionalism
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Posits that society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together.
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Robert Merton
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Function to refer to the beneficial consequences of people's actions to keep society stable & dysfunction to refer to consequences that undermine stability. Functions can be either manifest(intended) or latent(unintended)
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Functionalists
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Examine how societies set up ways to control sickness, as well as make up rules to keep too many people from "being sick," so that their members can continue to perform their functional roles and activities.
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Sick Role
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A social role that excuses people from normal obligations because they are sick or injured.
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Talcott Parsons maintains that the sick role has 4 elements:
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1. A person is not held responsible for being sick. 2. A person is exempt from normal responsibilities. 3. A person does not like the role. 4. A person will get competent help so that he/she can return to his/her routines.
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The primary gatekeepers to the sick role
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Parents & Physicians
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Conflict theory
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Society is viewed as composed of groups competing for scarce resources. Bourgeoisie & Proletariat Gender relations--Patriarchy
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The Bourgeoisie
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The small group of capitalists who own the means of production
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The Proletariat
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The masses of workers exploited by the capitalists
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The 4 major causes of illness and death in the least industrialized nations:
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1. Malaria 2. Internal Parasites 3. Diarrhea 4. Malnutrition
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Medical Lobby
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Is a powerful political force in state legislatures and the US Congress.
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