Foundations of caring exam 2 – Flashcards
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Discipline
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branch of knowledge or of teaching
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Nursing knowledge guides its progression practice
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discipline
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What does a discipline include
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Networks of philosophies Theories Concepts Approaches to inquiry Research findings Practices
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Who is the discipline of nursing formed by?
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community of scholars who show a commitment to values, knowledge and processes to guide the thought and work of the discipline
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What are the King and Brownell attributes that characterize all disciplines? (10)
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A community of scholars An expression of human imagination A domain A tradition A syntactical structure/mode of inquiry A conceptual (substantive) structure A specialized language A heritage of literature A valuative and effective stance An instructive community
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What is the domain of nursing?
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The boundaries of focus of a discipline
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Domain of nursing includes:
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phenomena of interest problems to be addressed main content and methods used roles required of the discipline's members
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The domain of the discipline of nursing
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Donaldson & Crowley - patterning of human behavior in interactions with the environment in critical life situations. - principles and laws that govern the life process, well-being and optimum function of human beings sick or well. - process by which positive changes in health status are affected
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Meta- paradigm of nursing
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distinguish nursing from other disciplines, very general, intended to reflect agreement among members of the discipline. most abstract aspect
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Metaparadigm four concepts
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Persons Environment Health Nursing Nursing is thus the study of the interrelationship among these four concepts.
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Grand Theory
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-broad conceptualization of nursing phenomena -composed of concepts & relational statements -Relational statements- theories are built upon assumptions
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Middle- Range theory
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Narrower in focus makes connections between grand theories and nursing practice appropriate for empirical testings
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Why Theories in Nursing are Important?
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-Theories organize knowledge, guide practice, enhance the care of patients & guide inquiry to advance the science. -Theories guide thinking, being, doing -address phenomena of nursing, patterns that guide thinking about being and doing or nursing. -define the place of nursing in health care -offer perspectives in relation to other disciplines - basis for professional nursing
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Caring Frameworks: Carper's ways of Knowing
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Empirical- theories, concepts, research, principles Ethical - moral component of nursing guiding choices Personal Aesthetic
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Mayeroff's Caring ingredients
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Helping others grow changes in the one who cares and the one cared for are evident Awareness of self as caring person, living caring in one's own life as an important base for practicing nursing as caring. Celebrate the other as caring person
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8 Caring ingredients
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Knowing - explicitly & implicitly Alternating rhythm- Patience Honesty Trust Humility Hope Courage
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Sister Roach's 6 C's
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Competence Compassion Commitment Conscience Comportment
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Martha E. Rogers Science of Unitary Human Beings
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Art of practice emerges human-environment mutual process- central focus
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Martha E rogers 4 fundamental postulates
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Energy fields- human & environment cannot be seperated openness- no boundaries Pattern-changing continuously Pandimensionality - a non-linear domain without spatial or temporal attributes Homeodynamics- dynamic ever-chaniging " People are always whole
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Rosemarie Rizzo Parse's Humanbecoming school of thought
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Human are indivisible, unpredictable, everchanging, co-creating a unique becoming. Humans freely choose meanings that arise with illimitable experiences
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3 Priniciples of Rizzo Parse Humanbecoming
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Meaning-reality, meaning given to a situation Rhythmical -patterns of relating Transcendence - humans are everchanging
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Humanbecoming Research Models Nurse as a GUIDE!
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Parse Method- studying lived experiences Humanbecoming Hermeneutic Method- from written texts & art forms Free choice of personal meaning in relating value priorities Nurses guide not make decisions
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Margaret Newman's Theory of Health as expanding Consciousness (HEC) Nurse as a partner!
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Health encompasses conditions known as disease or pathology as well as states where the disease is not present. Health is the expansion of consciousness Removal of disease will not change pattern of individual
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Madeleine Leninger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity & Universality
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Culturally congruent and competent care Transcultural nursing care -meaningful, therapeutic health, & healing outcomes. Use research-based knowledge Care is the essence of nursing
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Madeleine Leninger Theory of Cultural Care diversity & Universality begin by:
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Respecting the culture of the patient Recognizing the importance of culture's relationship to nursing care Assessing cultural data to understand its influence on pts
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Medleine Leninger nursing care is focused on cultural care
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Preservation, accomodations, repatterning, outcome=health & well-being of the pt
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Jospehine Patterson & Loretta Zderad's Humanistic Nursing Theory
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-Helping others be as much as they can be regardless of their personal situation -The call to nursing- murmur of pain, sorrow, anxiety, desperation, joy, laughter, even silence that expresses the state of being of our pts & ourselves -existentialism, lived exp. of nursing
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Jean Watson Theory of Human Caring
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Return to earlier values of nursing, emphasized caring aspect of nursing, mind-body-soul harmony, self-knowledge, self-control, self-care, self-healing, sharing genuine self
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10 Carative factors- Jean Watson
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-humanistic- altruistic system of values -instillation of faith-hope -cultivation of sensitivity to one's self and to others -Development of a helping- trusting, human caring relationship -expression of positive & negative feelings -creative problem- solving caring process -Transpersonal teaching - learning -supportive, protective and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, & spiritual environment. -Assistance with gratification of human needs -existential- phenomenological- spiritual forces
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Katharine Kolcaba Theory of Comfort (Middle Range theory)
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Need for comfort is basic experience comfort holistically self-comforting measures can be healthy or unhealthy enhanced comfort, leads to greater productivity
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4 contexts comfort is exp by pts
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Physical Psychospiritual Sociocultural Environmental immediate & holistic experience of being strengthened, having comfort needs addressed.
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Joan Duffy's Quality Caring Model Middle Range Theory
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-Nurses just don't seem to care, unsatisfied pts -Nurse caring and selected health care outcomes -Nurses role is to engage in caring relationships with self and others to engender feelings of being cared for.
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4 main concepts Quality caring model Joan Duffy
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1. Humans in relationship 2. Relationship- centered professional encounters 3. Feeling cared for 4. Self caring
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Pamela Reed's theory of Self- Transcendence REEEEDDD sprirituality
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-one of the first to study sprirituality as an area of scientific inquiry in nursing -self boundary that fluctuates during health-related events in life. -self- transcendence refers to the capacity to expand the self-boundary intrapersonally
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Kristen Swanson's Theory of Caring 5 basic processes
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Parent's miscarriage, personal experiences with loss 1. Knowing- striving to understand an event 2. Being with- being emotionally present to the other 3. Doing for -doing for the other what he or she would do for him or herself 4. Enabling 5. Maintaining Belief - sustaining faith in other's capacity to get through an event or transition and face a future with meaning
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Mary Jane Smith & Patricia Liehr's STORY Theory
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practice decisions informed by physiological bodily responses. stories that infuse bodily responses, with unique personal meaning. -importance of listening to the patient -abandoning preexisting assumptions
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Parker & Berry (Community Nursing Practice Model)
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nurturing the wholeness of persons and environments through caring - respect for person -person are caring and caring is understood as the essence of nursing -persons are whole and always connected with one another in families & communities
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Rozzano Locsin's Technological Competency as Caring and the pratice of Knowing Persons in Knowing
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-know humans fully as persons rather than as objects of care, being technologically competent is caring. - Persons are whole & complete in the moment -Knowing persons, allows for continuous appreciation. -Nursing is a discipline and a professional practice -Technology is used to know persons fully in the moment
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Marilyn Anne Ray's Theory of Bureaucratic Caring
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Symbolizes a dynamic structure of caring The dialetic between the thesis of caring as humanistic, social, educational, ethical, & religious/ spiritual (dimensions of humanism, morality & spirituality) and the antithesis of caring as economic, political, legald and technological (dimensions of bureaucracy)
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Marlaine Smith Theory of Unitary Caring
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Human beings are unitary or irreducible ever-evolving through expanding consciousness Caring is a quality of participating knowingly in human- environmental field patterning. Human wholeness is affirmed caring consciousness is resonating with pan-dimensional universe.
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Boykin & Schoenhofer's Nursing as Caring Theory 3 bodies of work influenced by:
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1. Roach's basic thesis that caring is human mode of being 2. Patterson's & Zderad's existential phenomenological theory of humanistic nursing 3. Mayeroff's work on caring Person living in caring and growing in caring
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Boykin & schoenhofer's assumptions & Key themes (6) What matters most?
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Persons are caring by virtue of their humanness Persons are whole and complete in the moment. Persons live caring from moment to moment Personhood is a way of living grounded in caring Personhood is enhanced through participation in nurturing relationships with caring others. Nursing is both a discipline & profession -Caring is an altruistic, active expression of love and is the intentional and embodied recognition of value and connectedness.
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Christine E Lynn College of Nursing Philosophy
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discipline of knowledge, field of professional practice grounded in caring, creative integration of multiple ways of knowing, nurturing the wholeness of persons and environment through caring. Nurse responds artistically with authentic presence to calls from clients. co-creative experience, participate with members of other disicplines
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Christine E Lynn College of Nursing Philosophy 2
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Person is viewed as a unique individual dynamically interconnected with others and the environment in caring relationships. Well-being is creating & living the meaning of life. The human person are respected nurtured & celebrated.
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Martha E. Rogers
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G. Science of Unitary Human Beings, "irreducible human-environment mutual process", "energy fields", "openness", "pattern", "pan/multi- dimensionality"
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Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
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J. Human Becoming School of Thought, "becoming", "quality vs. quantity of life", man is a combination of biological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual factors
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Maragaret Newman
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A. Theory of Health as Expanding Conciousness; "consciousness"
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Madeleine Leininger
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H. Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality, "transcultural", Sunrise Model
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Josephine Patterson and Loretta Zderad
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B. Humanistic Nursing Theory; "humanistic", "lived experience", "existentialism"
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Jean Watson
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C. Theory of Human Caring, "love", 10 "carative factors"
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Katharine Kolcaba
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I. Theory of Comfort, "physical, psychospiritual, sociocultural, environmental comfort", "release, ease and transcendence"
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Joann Duffy
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D. Quality Caring Model, "feeling cared for"
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Pamela Reed
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F. Theory of Self-transcendence, "self- transcendence", "Self-boundary"
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Kristen Swanson
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E. Theory of Caring, "knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, maintaining belief"
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Mary Jane Smith and Patricia Liehr John smith or Jane Doe is in the the story.
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L. Story Theory, "intentional dialogue", "connecting with self-in-relation", "creating ease"
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Parker and Barry
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N. Community Nursing Practice Model, "respect for person", "persons are caring", "caring is the essence of nursing", "persons are whole and always connected with one another
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Rozzano Locsin
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O. Technological Competency as Caring and the Practice of Knowing Persons in Nursing, "look at the person", "competent use of technology is caring", "use technology to know persons fully in the moment"
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Marilyn Anne Ray A for a bureaucracy
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M. Theory of Bureaucratic Caring, "dialectic between spiritual-ethical caring and organizational caring"
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15. Marlaine Smith
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K. Theory of Unitary Caring, "unitary/irreducible", "manifesting intentions", "appreciating pattern", "attuning to dynamic flow", "experiencing the infinite, "inviting creative experience"
