Theory part 2 – Flashcards
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Which MRT used practice guidelines or standard of care (least common source of MRT development?
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Ruland & Moore - Peaceful end of life theory
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What are some examples of MRTs that are from non-nursing disciplines?
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- Kolcaba's theory of comfort - benners model of skill acquisition - math - mishel's uncertainty in illness - used chaos theory (physics)
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What did Whall do?
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- modified criteria for Grand theories - to MRT's - What is "fit" with nursing perspectives/domains - what is congruence with parent grand theory?
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What are the 3 categories by smith?
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MRT analysis 1- substantive foundation 2- structural integrity 3- functional adequacy
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What are some of the high Middle range theorists?
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Benner, Leininger, Pender, Meleis
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What is Benner's model of skill acquisition in nursing?
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*applied Dryfus model of skill acquisition to nursing (5 stages) - novice -advanced beginner - competent - proficient -expert *helps support reasoning to fund continuing education for nurses
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What was Leininger's theory?
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Cultural care diversity and universality theory
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What is Pender's health promotion model?
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- Individual characteristics and experiences. - health promotion
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What is Meleis's transitions theory?
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- Developmental transitions -situational transitions - health to illness transition - organizational transitions -patterns and properties of the transitions
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What are some middle middle range theories?
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1- Mischel's uncertainty in Illness theory - explains how pts. interpret illness -related stimuli and construct meaning 2- Theory of comfort - Kolcaba - increasing comfort measure can result in having negative tensions reduced and positive engaged.
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What are some Low Middle range theories?
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Becks, Mercer Eakes, Burk and Hinsworth's - theory of chronic sorrow - help analyze individuals responses of people experiencesing on going disparity due to chronic illness, caregiving responsiblities, less of the "perfect" child or bereavement
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Low middle range theory Beck
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Postpartum depression theory - Beck
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Low middle range theory Mercer's
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- conceptualization of maternal role attainment - to identify the form and strenght of the relationship b/t maternal and infant variables and maternal role attainment
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When was EBP introduced? by who?
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1970's by Dr. Archie Cochrane
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What is the ACE star model of knowledge transformation?
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- 5 points of knowledge transfer 1- discovery research 2- evidence summary 3- translation to guidelines 4- practice integration 5- process, outcome evaluation
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Who prefers the term "theory guided EBP"
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Fawcett et al. patterns inquiry mode evidence
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Who organized theories according so scope?
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Alligood and Tomey (2010) grand, mid-range, practice
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Who organized theories according to domains
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Meleis (2012) Needs, interactions, outcomes, caring/becoming
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Who organized theories according to Paradigms?
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Kuhn (1962) - named paradigm shifts - Parse, newman, Fawcett considered paradigms/worldviews (totality, simultanety, human becoming)
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o When a theory is categorized based on philosophies, nursing models, nursing theories, theories, and middle range nursing theories; this is considered categorization based on which of the following? • A. scope • B. nursing domains • C. paradigms • D. theoretical background
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A- Rationale: Tomey and Alligood organized theories based on the scope of the theory & included philosophies, nursing models, nursing theories, theories and middle range nursing theories.
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Categorization based on Nursing Domains Designed by Meleis, organization of theoretical topics: 1. needs 2. interactions 3. outcomes and what else?
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caring/becoming
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o In the second classification of nursing theories, based on nursing process of interaction, which of the following nurse theorists did Meleis include? • A. King • B. Orlando • C. Patterson • D. All of the above
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D -o Rationale: King, Orlando and Patterson represent theorists whose works are grand theories or theoretical, conceptual frameworks based on the nursing process of interaction.
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Who were the 3 nursing scholars that were paramount in categorizing based on paradigms?
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- Parse, Newman, Fawcett
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What are the 3 categorizations of Parse's categorization?
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Totality paradigm simultaniety paradigm later added - human becoming paradigm
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What 3 categories did Newman categorize?
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- Particulate-deterministic - positive (control, reducible, causal) - linear and causal - Interactive-intergrative: post-positive - reality is multidimensional Unitary-transformative: humans - self evolving patterns of entergy
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What are Fawcett's categorization?
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- simplified Newman's categorizations - Reaction - humans react in a causal way - reciprical interaction - dependent on context and that change is probabilistic - simultaneous action - change is unidirectional and unpredictable
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What are the 7 criteria for Grand theories
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- theorists background - philsophical underpinnings of theory - major assumptions, concepts and relationships - usefulness/utility -testablity -parsimony - value in extending nursing science
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o When selecting a theory to use as the basis of nursing research, the scholar needs to consider all of the following except: • A. The publication potential • B. The testability in the study • C. The fit related to the phenomena • D. Comprehension of paradigm
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A - Rationale: although publication is a goal, selecting a theory based on publication potential is not recommended. The scholar needs to assess the theory's fit with the study, the ability to test the theory, and how well the scholar understands the theory for use.
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o Is the following statement true or false? Even today, at times, nursing science is based on the positivist era with its focus on disease causality and a desire to produce measurable outcome data.
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True
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Who is considered the "lady with the lamp"
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Florence Nightingale - environmental -focused on cleanliness, comfort, socialization in pt. care necessary for healing
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o Which theorist related her theory to the metaparadigm of nursing, with a belief that the function of the nurse is to assist the individual client? • A. Betty Newman- - paradigm - org. of theories • B. Virginia Henderson - Needs theory • C. Dorothea E. Orem- Self-care deficit • D. Dorothy Johnson
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B- Rationale: Henderson believed that nurses should care for patients until they can care for themselves. The nurse was focused and the theory related to the nursing metaparadigm.
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Who Was considered the "modern day mother of nursing"
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Verginia Henderson - Needs theory - 14 components of nursing - activties to assist individual toward independace
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Who developed Patient-centered care theory?
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Fay G. Abdellah - 1st nurse as deputy US Surgeon general. Dean of graduate SON - 21 nursing problems - 10 steps to identifying problems and 11 nursing skills
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Who was the firs to write about nursing diagnosis?
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F.G Abdellah
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Who wrote about self care deficit theory?
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Dorothea E. Orem - philsophical underpinnings - Von Bertalanfy's system theory - 3 theories 1- self care 2- self-care deficits 3- Nursing systems 5 methods of helping
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What model did Dorothy Johnson develop?
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Behavioural systems model - 7 behaviour systems - maintain equalibrium - attachemnt or affiliate subsystem - dependency subssytem -ingestive subsystem - eliminative subsystem - sexual subsystem -aggressive subsystem - achievement subsystem
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o Which theorist developed a theory based on a systems approach, focused on human needs for dynamic balance that the nurse can provide through identification of problems? • A. Betty Neuman • B. Dorothy Johnson (behaviour systems model) • C. Faye Abdellah (patient centered care) • D. Virginia Henderson (care)
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A- Rationale: Betty Neuman developed a nursing theory prescriptive in nature, which focused on the needs of the client and protection from stress by balance, identification of problems and prevention as intervention
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Who wrote the systems model ?
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Betty Neuman Betty Neuman gave nurses the systems model with its lines of defense against stress. She believed that the causes of stress can be identified and remedied through nursing interventions. She developed the concept of prevention as intervention. Neuman's model is one of only a few considered prescriptive in nature.
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o Is the following statement true or false? IN the interactive nursing theory process, the theories are founded on the basis of humans as holistic beings who interact with and adapt to situations in which they find themselves.
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True
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o Which theorist developed a theory on the four conservation principles as the major principles in her model? • A. Barbara M. Artinian • B. Myra Levine • C. Jean Watson • D. Imogene King
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o Rationale: Myra Levine developed the conservation model on the following 4 conservation principles: • Conservation of energy, structural integrity, personal integrity and social integrity
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Who wrote the adaptation model? • A. Barbara M. Artinian • B. Myra Levine • C. Jean Watson • D. Sister Callista Roy
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D- sister Callista Roy RAM - roy adaptation model
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What are the 4 models of the adaptation theory?
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1- physiological 2- self-concept 3- role function 4- interdependance
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o Jean Watson developed which of the following nursing theories? • A. The intersystem model • B. modeling and role-modeling • C. model of nursing based on activities of living • D. Caring science as sacred science
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D - o Rationale: Jean Watson developed the theory known as Caring Science as Sacred Science, one of the newest of nursing's grand theories. It is based on the idea of human caring. 10 carative factors (holistic)
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o Is the following statement true or false? In the simultaneity paradigm, the theorists adhere to a unitary process perception of human beings.
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• True - rationale: the group of theorists believes that humans are unitary beings: energy systems embedded in the universal energy system. Human beings are seen as unitary and health is described as continuous human environmental interchanges.
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What are the 3 stages of Middle range theory legitimizing a dicipline?
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• 1st stage = Separation from antecedent discipline (medicine) • 2nd stage = Academic autonomy • 3rd stage = Focus on substantive knowledge = Development + testing middle range theories + EBP & Situation-specific theories Provide strong basis for generating hypotheses & addressing care of specific client populations
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True or false? There is a lack of clarity regarding what constitutes range theory in nursing - it appears that almost any theoretical entity that is more concrete than the broadest of grand theories is considered middle range
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True
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What are the 3 functions of middle range theories?
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• Theoretical - frameworks for research • Practical - practical application and research testing • Scientific - nursing knowledge production
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What how many of the follow do concepts have to have? Discrete observable abstract
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2 or more
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o Middle range theories were first suggested in the discipline of: • a) psychology • b) sociology • c) biology • d) nursing
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B
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o The function of middle range theories is to: • a) describe • b) explain • c) predict • d) all of the above
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D
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What is the following called? • High (growth, adaptation, caring) • Middle (uncertainty, end-of-life care) • Low (acute pain management, women's anger)
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Categorizing middle range theories
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Where can Middle range theories come from? • Literature reviews • Qualitative research • Field studies • Conceptual models • Taxonomies (nursing diagnosis, clinical guidelines, statistical analysis) OR all of the above?
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all of the above
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What area did Purcell work in?
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Cultural competence
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What is one example of getting a middle range theory from a grand theory?
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Orem's self care GT Levin's conservation GT
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What is one example of combining Nursing and non nursing theories?
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- Dunn's adaptation to chronic pain in elders - Kolcaba's theory of comfort - Benner's model of skill acquisition - Mischel's uncertainty for illness - chaos theory
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Which of the following are needs theoriests? 1. Abdellah, Henderson, Orem 2.King, Orlando, Paterson and Zderad, Peplau, Travelbee, and Widenbach 3. Johnson, Levine, Rogers, Roy 4. Watson and Parse
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1. Needs theorists: Abdellah, Henderson, Orem Interaction theorists: King, Orlando, Paterson and Zderad, Peplau, Travelbee, and Widenbach Outcome theorists: Johnson, Levine, Rogers, Roy Caring/becoming theorists: Watson and Parse
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What was the first time Ubuntu was written in texts?
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1846
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What is ubuntu?
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the very essence of being human - empathy through community -respect for human life
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o Which of the following are principles of Ubuntu? Select all that apply. a. Independence b. Interdependence c. Communalism d. Selfishness e. Caring
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B, C, D
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What does the tidal model examine?
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- peoples mental health status - Peplau
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What are the two basic assumptions of the tidal model?
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○ 1. "Change is the only constant" ○ 2. "People are their stories- no more and no less ** key to recovery found in story telling
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What is the main focus of the tidal recovery model?
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Authentic communication and story telling 10 commitments - guidelines for steps in how to help clients in distress
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Which is not one of the 10 commitments? a) Be transparent b) Become the apprentice c) Craft the step behind d) Value the voice e) None of the above
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C
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Whose research is the Tidal Model most influenced by? a) Watson b) Peplau c) Nightingale d) Buchanan-Barker
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B
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What happened in the 1930's that changed the way we cope with stressful situations? a) Women began entering the work force to elevate financial stress b) End of prohibition c) The Wall Street stock market crash d) Camp David Accords
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B
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What concept did Janet B Younger use to compare to her theory of the Mastery of Stress? a) Moch's Theory b) Smith's Theory of Rehabilitation c) David's Concept of Health and Illness d) All of the above
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A
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What is one example of a real life application of the Jenning's Disaster Theory of Nursing? a) Nursing school b) The US Military Disaster Nursing Model c) The Olympic model of Disaster Nursing d) Disaster nursing theory is so abstract that it cannot be applied to real life.
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B
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Which of the following is not a stage of Jennings Disaster Management Nursing Model? a) Pre-Disaster b) Disaster Occurs c) Post-Disaster d) Helicopter Relief
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D
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Who made the theory of inner strenght in women?
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Roux
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Roux's Theory of Inner Strength in Women identifies health outcomes that result from the development of inner strength. They include: a. Enhanced quality of life b. Decreased risk of mortality c. Self Management d. All of the above e. A and C
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E
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Roux's Theory of Inner Strength can be applied to: (select all that apply) a. Women facing a chronic illness b. A man grieving the loss of his mother c. Women with coronary artery disease d. Hispanic women with multiple sclerosis
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A, C, D
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The Peaceful End of Life Theory was derived from: a) non-nursing discipline b) a grand theory c) standards of practice d) mid-range theory
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C
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Question 2 Which concept is NOT included in the PEOL Theory? a) experience of comfort b) being at peace c) prolonging life d) experience of dignity/respect e) not being in pain
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C
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Who examined maternal role attainment?
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Mercer
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Mercer's theory made significant improvements to the practices in which of the following periods? A) Pre-natal B) Post- partum C) Labour/delivery D) All of the above
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B
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Ramona Mercer's theory was greatly influenced by whom, and was the nature of their relationship? A) Reva Rubin - Mentor/professor B) Thornton and Nardi - Co workers C) Rick Mercer - The child she brought into this world D) Walker, Crain and Thompson - Co-workers.
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A
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What is the humanistic nursing theory?
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Metatheory - paterson and zderad "all at once" "in-between"
