Introduction to Transcultural Nursing and Selected Terminology – Flashcards

Dr. Madeleine Leininger. (Note: Dr. Leininger combined the discipline of nursing and the discipline of anthropology to develop the discipline of Transcultural nursing.)

Transcultural nursing has been defined as a formal area of study and practice focused on comparative human-care (caring) differences and similarities of the beliefs, values and patterned lifeways of cultures to provide culturally congruent, meaningful and beneficial health care to people.

According to Dr. Leininger, the goal of transcultural nursing is to provide culturally congruent and competent nursing care.

1. Migration of people worldwide. 2. Increase in signs of cultural conflicts, clashes, war and violence. 3. Increase in ethical and moral cultural health care concerns 4. Rise in women's and men's human rights 5. Shift in Western cultures from hospital services to community based services (reference to culture of the poor, homeless, vulnerable groups) 6. Increased consumer demand from minorities and the "culturally different" for better access to professional cultural health care and treatments to fit their cultural expectations and values. 7. Rise in the uses of Western high technologies to diverse cultures. 8. Increase in cultural legal defense suits in the United States

The purpose of the Culture Care theory is to discover to generate new knowledge to guide nursing care practices. The goal of the theory is to provide culturally congruent and competent nursing care that would lead to client or group health and well-being. • Dr. Leininger's theory is the oldest nursing theory that has been holistically • and well conceptualized to guide nursing actions and decisions.

• Care is essential for the development, growth and survival of human beings. • Generic and professional care meanings, expressions, patterns/action modes vary transculturally with some culturally universal features. • Care is the essence of nursing. The distinctive feature explaining nursing. • A culture's care meanings, action patterns are embedded in its world view: social structures, cultural values, language, environmental context and ethno history. • Ethical moral values and practices have differences and similarities in Western and non Western cultures. • Emic (within culture) and etic (view of culture by outsiders) care o Knowledge are important differential aspects of care in determining and providing culturally congruent care to clients. • Human beings may exist without curing but not without caring. • Cultural, social and physical environmental contexts give meaning and structure to assessing and guiding professional care practices and policies • The goal of professional care is to provide culturally congruent care for people of diverse cultures.

Refers to commonalities among human groups in different contexts and among or between cultures.

A belief in superiority of a particular race.

Refers to a group with a genetically based or common ancestry over time.

Refers to preconceived ideas, beliefs or opinions about an individual group or culture that limit a full and accurate understanding of the individual, culture, gender, race, event or situation.

Refers to the limiting of opportunities, choices or life experiences because of prejudices about individuals, cultures or social groups.

Refers to placing people and institutions, mentally or by attitudes, into a narrow, fixed trait, rigid pattern or inflexible "box like" characteristics.

This occurs when a person from one culture meets or interacts briefly with a person from another culture.

In-depth learning about a culture with its specific values, beliefs and practices in order to prepare children and adults to function or to live effectively in a particular culture.

The process by which an individual or group from culture A learns how to take on many of the behaviors, values and life ways of culture B.

The social process where by an individual or group from a particular culture learns how to become a part of and function within the larger society in order to know how to interact with others, vote, work and live in a society.

Refers to the variation of cultures in the use of body, visual, territorial and interpersonal distance to others. a. Intimate zone: 0-18 inches b. Personal zone: 18 inches to 3 feet c. Public zone: 3-6 feet

Arab, South Vietnamese and Papua New Guinea men touch in public arenas more than women. Generally, non Western traditionally oriented women seldom touch men in public places, but may touch social friends, relatives in their homes and non public places.

Refers to the totality of shared meanings and life experiences in a particular a. social, cultural and physical environment that influence attitudes, thinking and patterns of behavior. (High and low cultural context)

Refers to the diverse ways the nurse uses culture care patterns, specific information and previous client life experiences to ease or relieve the client's distresses, strains or concerns.

Refers to culturally earned and transmitted lay, indigenous (traditional) or folk (home care) knowledge and skills used to provide assistive, supportive, enabling, and/or facilitative acts (or phenomena) toward or for another individual, group or institution with evident or anticipated needs to ameliorate or improve a human health condition (or well being) disability, life way or to face death.

Refers to formal and cognitively learned professional care knowledge and practice skills, obtained through educational institutions that are expected to provide assistive, supportive, enabling or facilitative acts to or for another individual or group in order to improve human health condition (or well being)

Refers to the cognitively learned and transmitted professional and indigenous folk values, beliefs, and patterned life ways that can be used to assist, facilitate or enable another individual, group to maintain their well being or health or to improve their human condition and life way.

Refers to the particularized or tailored modes of care practices that are identified or abstracted from an individual or group of a particular culture in order to plan and implement care that fits the client's specific care needs and life ways.

Refers to those cognitively based assistive, supportive facilitative or enabling acts or decisions that are tailor-made to fit with an individual's group's, or institution's cultural values, beliefs and life ways in order to provide meaningful, beneficial, satisfying care that leads to health and well being.

Refers to the areas of distress, concern or incompatibility when nursing care practices do not fit with a client's expectations, beliefs, values or normative expectations.

Refers to sharp differences between the nurse and the client which occur because nursing practices are clearly incompatible, incongruent, or are perceived to be unacceptable with the client's values and expectations.

Refers to the dominant orientation of an individual or group to different time periods related to the past, present and future which guides one's activities and thinking. Example: Hawaiian time.

Refers to the belief that one's own ways are the best, most superior or preferred ways to act, believe or behave. It is a universal phenomena. It can lead to many cultural problems, tensions and professional stresses.

A firm position or stance that one's own values and beliefs must govern the situation or decision.

Refers to a tendency of an individual or group to impose their beliefs, values and patterns of behavior upon another culture for varied reasons. Note: It is interesting to observe how medical and nursing personnel use their ethnocentric views in order to get clients to conform to their expectations and "get things done".

Refers to the inability of an individual to recognize one's own lifestyle, values and modes of behavior and those of another individual because of a strong attitude to make them invisible due to ethnocentric tendencies.

Refers to the suffering, discomfort, or unfavorable responses of an individual group towards an individual who has different beliefs or life ways, usually reflecting the insensitivity of those inflicting the discomfort.

Refers to specific care, health, illness and disease conditions that are particular, highly unique and usually specific to a designated culture or geographical area. Examples: Papua New Guinea: kuru-adult females die within 9 months-Malaysia: running amok-males have violent running sprees, attacking animals/people- Caribbean: voodoo death-death follows a curse.

Refers to the variations and differences among and between cultural groups due to differences in life ways, language, values, norms and other cultural aspects.