A&P II Ch 20/21 Reading – Flashcards

Which lymphoid organ(s) appear(s) before the others?

Lymphangitis is caused by ______.

Lymphedema may be treated by all EXCEPT which of the following?

Hypoalbuminemia is a medical condition in which blood plasma levels of albumin are abnormally low. One reason for this disorder is an increased movement of blood plasma albumin into the interstitial space through leaky capillaries. How would this condition affect the volume of lymph that's produced

Which of the following distinguishes lymphatic vessels from veins?

What is the main function of the lymphatic system?

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT used to propel lymph through lymphatic vessels?

Adjacent cells in lymphatic capillaries overlap each other loosely. What is the unique structural modification that increases their permeability?

Which of the following promotes closure of the minivalves associated with lymph capillaries?

Which of the following is a characteristic of lymphangitis?

Lymph from the right leg ultimately is delivered to which duct in the thoracic region?

Lymph from what regions of the body is drained into the right lymphatic duct?

What is the name of the enlarged sac to which the lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk return lymph?

The thoracic duct runs parallel and close to all of the following EXCEPT the __________.

Where are the three large clusters of superficial lymph nodes?

Which of the following vessels delivers lymph into the junction of the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein?

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

Which statement describes the origin of lymph fluid?

Lymphatic collecting vessels originate in which of the following areas?

Which of the following statements is true regarding veins versus lymphatic collecting vessels?

Once collected, lymph ultimately drains into __________.

Which of the following is NOT a part of the lymphatic system?

What is the function of the mini-valves in lymph capillaries?

Which lymphoid organ is primarily active during the early years of life?

Which of these lymphoid organs is part of a collection of tissues called the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) and removes pathogens entering the pharynx (throat)?

Which lymphoid organ extracts aged and defective blood cells and platelets from the blood in addition to storing some of the breakdown products for later reuse?

Which of these lymphoid organs is the thymus?

Which of these lymphoid organs destroys bacteria before it can breach the intestinal wall and generates "memory" lymphocytes for long-term memory?

Which of these lymphatic organs is organized with trabeculae and compartments containing white pulp and red pulp?

Which lymph cells produce antibodies?

Which of the following lymphoid tissues/organs do(es) NOT contain reticular connective tissue?

Which of the following lymphoid cells trap antigens and transport them to lymph nodes?

Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymph organ?

Which lymphoid organ(s) serve(s) as the site where B lymphocytes become immunocompetent B cells?

Within buboes, bacteria are directly attacked by ______.

The filtration of lymph and activation of the immune system are the two basic functions of the __________.

Which of the following is an INACCURATE statement regarding lymph nodes?

What region of the lymph node contains follicles filled with dividing B cells?

Which of the following is a role of lymph nodes?

Lymph arrives at the lymph nodes via afferent lymphatic vessels.

Where in the lymph node is a dendritic cell most likely associated with a B or T lymphocyte?

After surgical removal of the spleen (i.e., a splenectomy), some other organs take over most of its functions. Which of the following spleen functions in the adult can not be performed by bone marrow?

Which part of the spleen is the site of immune function?

What vessel serves as the source of the spleen's blood supply from the aorta?

Where is the spleen located?

Which lymphoid organ(s) serve(s) in immune surveillance and blood cell recycling?

What anatomical area(s) is/are protected by the tubal tonsils?

Tonsillar crypts are invaginations deep into the interior of the tonsil. What structure(s), found in most other lymphoid organs, is/are missing from the tonsil that allows for the presence of these crypts?

Which tonsil is located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx and is referred to as the adenoids if it is enlarged?

Which of the following lymph organs is NOT matched with its function?

The __________ tonsils are also called the adenoids.

Peyer's patches are mucosa-associated lymph tissue located in the __________.

Of the following lymphoid organs, which is/are structurally simplest and lack(s) a complete capsule?

Which of the following organs or locations do(es) NOT contain MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)?

Where are Peyer's patches located?

Besides lymph nodes, where would you expect to find proliferating (dividing) B cells?

The thymus functions strictly in maturation of B cells.

Which of the following is NOT a chemical barrier that helps prevent infections?

Which of the following provides a first line of defense against pathogens?

Treatment of an abscess often requires that it be surgically drained because ______.

Which letter represents the formation of a phagolysosome resulting from the fusion of a lysosome with the phagocytic vesicle?

With what does our immune system coat pathogens to facilitate their capture and accelerate phagocytosis?

What type of immune system cell performs the most phagocytosis in the body?

Four (or five) cardinal signs indicate inflammation. What specific sign of inflammation is the result of exudate in the tissue spaces?

Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is/are released by mast cells?

Which of the following is NOT one of the effects produced by the release of inflammatory chemicals?

When do neutrophils enter the blood from the red bone marrow in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors?

What characterizes the chemotaxis phase of phagocyte mobilization?

What characterizes the diapedesis phase of phagocyte mobilization?

What protein can be released by infected cells to help protect cells that have not yet been infected?

How do interferons protect against viral infection in healthy cells?

What is/are the specific target(s) of interferons?

Which type of chemical induces fever?

Which cells secrete histamines that trigger inflammatory pathways?

Which of the following chemicals do NOT directly trigger inflammation?

Discharge is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation.

Which of the following phases involves white blood cells leaving capillaries?

Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?

Which antimicrobial protein triggers inflammation?

Adaptive defenses require us to use what molecules that can identify whether a cell is a self or nonself cell?

Haptens have immunogenicity but not reactivity.

Which of the areas seen the figure must be occupied by T lymphocytes, at least for a while, but is NOT required for the production of B lymphocytes?

How does a lymphocyte exhibit immunocompetence?

Proliferation of lymphocytes occurs immediately after __________.

Which of the following are antigen-presenting cells (APC)?

Which of the following cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?

Binding of an eosinophil to an antibody-coated parasitic worm involves binding of the antibody's stem region to a(n) ______.

Plasma cell neoplasms are disorders in which abnormal plasma (myeloma) cells form tumors in bone or soft tissues. These altered cells may produce a large quantity of M protein, an immunoglobulin fragment with no protective qualities. What effect would M protein have upon blood?

The antivenom used to treat venomous snake bites is an antibody produced in an animal such as a horse. Suppose these antibodies are injected into a patient who has been bitten by a venomous snake--how would you classify the resulting humoral immunity?

Which of the following should produce naturally acquired, active immunity?

Which of the following best illustrates artificially acquired active humoral immunity?

What part of the antibody's structure determines its class?

How many sites on this antibody molecule have potential to bind to a non-self molecule?

In certain classes of antibody, the monomeric versions join to form dimers. What portions of the molecules adhere to each other to form these dimers?

Which of the following occurs when antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins?

What class of antibody acts to clump red blood cells because of a transfusion of mismatched blood?

Which mechanism(s) of antibody action result(s) in cell lysis?

Which of the following are properly matched? IgM: secreted in tears IgE: primary antibody of the secondary immune response IgG: most abundant antibody IgA: primary antibody during primary immune response

Which of the following statements regarding the primary versus the secondary immune response is true?

Vaccines provide what type of immunity?

Why are children given vaccinations?

Which of the following statements does NOT describe the adaptive immune response?

Health workers working with diphtheria commonly receive a serum with antibodies against the pathogen. What type of immunity would this be?

What type of cell is the precursor to the helper T cell?

Where does most exogenous antigen presentation take place?

Which of the following activate CD8 cells?

What type of T cell can directly attack and kill other cells, such as virus-infected cells?

Which of these mechanisms do cytotoxic T (TC) cells use to destroy a target--that is, deliver a lethal hit?

Which type of T cell will recognize antigens associated with an organ transplant?

Activated CD8 cells become __________.

Which of the following are NOT appropriately matched? macrophages: antigen-presenting cells B cells: produce free antibodies helper T cells: destroy infected cells cytotoxic T cells: destroy virally infected cells

T cells achieve self-tolerance in the __________.

What occurs if a T cell binds to an antigen and the T cell does NOT receive a co-stimulatory signal?

Which lymphocytes act as the bridge between the cellular and humoral responses?

Which class of tissue graft is the LEAST likely to be accepted by a patient's body?

Which of the following is/are the most specific internal defense against disease?

A class I MHC protein presents an antigen. What type of cell is likely presenting and to what type of cell would it be presented?

What types of antigen do T cells NOT recognize?

Which of the following are NOT correctly matched? multiple sclerosis: autoimmune disorder AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome): helper T cells are destroyed by a virus severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID): genetic defect resulting in a shortage of B and/or T cells immediate hypersensitivity: allergic contact dermatitis