Physiology Chapter 1-3 – Flashcards

Cells regulate their level of activity by regulating the amount of proteins present in the cell at any given time, so an up regulation of enzymes would be expected to increase the level of productivity of chemical reactions that rely on them. decrease the level of productivity of chemical reactions that rely on them. increase the rate of reactions catalyzed by the enzymes. decrease the rate of reactions catalyzed by the enzymes. both decrease the level of productivity of chemical reactions that rely on them and decrease the rate of reactions catalyzed by the enzymes.

According to the rules of complementary base pairing, a nucleotide containing the base cytosine would only pair with a nucleotide containing the base thymine. adenine. uracil. cytosine. guanine.

A positively charged ion is called a(n) electron. proton. neutron. cation. anion.

All but one of the structures listed below are a type of cell junction. Identify the exception. desmosomes tight junctions gap junctions loose junctions adherens junctions

Essential amino acids that are used to build proteins exist in twenty six different configurations. are linked together by ionic chemical bonds in proteins. can be used medically for both diagnosis and treatment of diseases. can be derived from the foods we eat and digest. can only be made by cells within our bodies.

________ is a tissue that is modified to transmit chemical and electrical signals from one cell to another. Neural tissue Endothelium Epithelia tissue Connective tissue Exocrine tissue

Excretion is a function of the body. Which of the following would be considered excretion? Movement of salt from sweat glands to the surface of the skin. Movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood stream. Movement of potassium from kidney cells into one's urine. Movement of glucose from the kidney to the blood stream. Movement of sodium from the intestines to the bloodstream.

A flagellum moves a cell through a fluid medium. What moves the fluid medium across the surface of cells that are not free to move? centrioles thick filaments cilia ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum

A molecule referred to as highly soluble is very likely to dissolve in water. not very likely to dissolve in water. called aqueous. very likely to dissolve in water and is called aqueous. not very likely to dissolve in water and is called aqueous.

The largest carbohydrate molecules are called polysaccharides because they are composed of ________ molecules bonded together with one another. amino acid nucleotide purine pyrimidine sugar

Glands that secrete hormones into the blood via tissue fluids are endocrine glands. mixed glands. exocrine glands. unicellular glands. None of the answers are correct.

Cell membranes are said to be impermeable. freely permeable. selectively permeable. actively permeable. None of the answers are correct.

When glucose enters a cell it is phosphorylated in order to maintain a low glucose concentration in the cell. The enzyme that phosphorylates glucose would be what kind of modulator? competitive inhibitor allosteric modulator reversible antagonist covalent modulator irreversible agonist

The five functional types of epithelia are listed below. Match each type with its location and/or description. Use capital letter ONLY - no period. A. exchange B. transport C. ciliated D. protective E. secretory These cells produce a substance and release it, either onto a surface or directly into the blood.

If a reaction which is stopped by substance X can recover when a lot more of the native activator is supplied, substance X would be considered which of the following? a phosphotase irreversible antagonist competitive inhibitor allosteric modulator covalent modulator

Match the descriptions to the correct protein category. Use capital letter ONLY - no period. A. Fibrous B. Globular lipid carriers

Which does NOT accurately complete the sentence? One of the major functions of both types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the synthesis of biomolecules. storage of genetic material for the cell. transport of biomolecules. storage of biomolecules.

Only free H+ contributes to the hydrogen ion concentration. True False

Movement of material between cells is known as the ________ pathway. transcellular paracellular metacellular transendothelial cisendothelial

A fatty acid that contains three double bonds in its carbon chain is said to be saturated. monounsaturated. polyunsaturated. hydrogenated. carboxylated.

Which type of tissue below has minimal extracellular matrix? epithelial only connective only neural only muscle only epithelial, neural, and muscle

Disappearance of which type of junction most likely contributes to the metastasis of cancer cells throughout the body? gap tight anchoring

Glycosylated molecules are those formed with which group of organic compounds? lipids nucleic acids proteins carbohydrates lipoproteins

Hemoglobin molecules are made from four globular protein subunits. The three-dimensional shape of these globular subunits would be an example of which of the following levels of protein structure? primary secondary teritiary quaternary alpha helix

The nucleus is surrounded by a(n) plasmalemma. protein coat. adhesion molecule. nuclear envelope. cell wall.

A layer of glycoproteins and a network of fine protein filaments that prevents the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the connective tissue to epithelium describes interfacial canals. the basal lamina. the reticular lamina. areolar tissue. endothelium.

Which of the following biological molecules does glycogen belong to? carbohydrates nucleotides lipids proteins lipids and proteins

Match the correct subatomic particle with the statement about it. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Use capital letter ONLY - no period. A. protons B. neurons C. electrons The identity of an element can be determined by the number of ________.

For the following questions, match the type of modulator with the best description below. Use capital letter ONLY - no period. A. involved in phosphorylation B. cannot be displaced by competition C. bind to proteins away from active site D. reversible antagonist covalent modulator

Triglycerides and steroids are members of this group. As a class they are hydrophobic. A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Proteins D. Nucleotides

disulfide bond A. Fibrous B. Globular

It is the digestive system of a cell, degrading and/or recycling bacterial or organic components. A. Endoplasmic reticulum B. Golgi apparatus C. Lysosomes D. Mitochondria E. Peroxisomes

Lysosomes A. Membranous organelle B. inclusion

If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to maintain its balance. synthesize proteins. produce DNA. metabolize sugars. undergo nuclear division.

A(n) ________ is any molecule or ion that binds to another molecule. ligand cofactor vitamin phospholipid enzyme

Electrons travel around the center of the atom at high speed forming a(n) atom. shell. molecule. nucleus. element.

The esophagus is a tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. It does not secrete any enzymes or absorb any nutrients, but it does need to stand up to significant friction and stress. The type of epithelium most likely lining the esophagus would be: cuboidal epithelium. simple squamous epithelium. simple columnar epithelium. stratified squamous epithelium. transitional epithelium.

The study of body function in a disease state is necrology. physiology. microbiology. pathophysiology. histology.

Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals an open framework of fibers with a large volume of fluid ground substance and elastic fibers. This tissue would most likely have come from the inner wall of a blood vessel. lungs. spleen. tissue that separates skin from underlying muscle. bony socket of the eye.

A double covalent bond is formed when atoms share one pair of electrons (a total of two). share two pairs of electrons (a total of four). swap two pairs of electrons. transfer a pair of electrons from one atom to the other. transfer two pairs of electrons from one atom to the other.

Stanley Miller set out to demonstrate an explanation for the origins of organic molecules using a combination of simple organic molecules, heat and periodic burst of electricity through the mixture, ultimately producing what kind of molecules? carbohydrates amino acids lipids glycoproteins nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are polymers of units called amino acids. fatty acids. bases. ribose. nucleotides.

Nucleotides participate in which of the following functions? They combine with oxygen to produce energy. They form structural elements in the cell membrane. They are the building blocks of proteins like cell receptors. They transfer energy and are part of genetic material. They store glucose as fat.

The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as extracellular matrix. mucous. cytoplasm. blood. micelles.

Which of the following would be considered an allosteric modulator? A substance that has no effect on the affinity of the ligand. A substance that binds to proteins away from the active site. A substance that binds irreversibly. A substance that can be displaced by competition at the active site. A substance involved in activation via phosphorylation.

Tay-Sachs is a disease caused by having ineffective mitochondria. Golgi bodies. lysosomes. rough endoplasmic reticulum. smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Exocrine glands may make either mucous or serous secretions. release their secretions into the external environment. release their secretions through open tubes, called ducts. may work as single cells or as a multicellular organ. All of the statements are true.

All of the statements are true. Which of the following terms is NOT used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? a cell wall a cell membrane plasma membrane plasmalemma All of the answers are correct.

The term secretion refers to the process by which a cell releases a substance into the extracellular space for a particular use. synthesis of a protein for export from the cell. the manufacture and assembly of a material. storage of a material, until it is time for it to leave the cell. None of the answers describe secretion.

Ribosome A. Membranous organelle B. inclusion

What is/are the major role(s) of the phospholipid bilayer? the absorption of fats only the formation of a barrier that is selectively permeable to lipid-soluble molecules only to provide a framework for membrane proteins only to carry water-soluble molecules through a hydrophobic environment only the formation of a barrier that is selectively permeable to lipid-soluble molecules and to provide a framework for membrane proteins

________ proteins attach loosely to other membrane proteins or polar regions of phospholipids. Glycolipid Transmembrane Nuclear Peripheral Cytoskeletal

This type of epithelia is found in the epidermis, esophagus, and mouth, and these stacked layers of cells prevent exchange, while they resist chemicals, bacteria, and other destructive forces. exchange transport ciliated protective secretory

Ribosomal RNA is formed by the endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi complexes. lysosomes. mitochondria. nucleoli.

This type of epithelia has cells that produce a substance and release it, either onto a surface or into the blood. exchange transport ciliated protective secretory

Structures composed of epithelial cells that produce secretions are called glands. ducts. micelles. cell junctions. nuclear pores.

Cholesterol is a precursor to steroid hormones. a structural component of cell membranes. a dangerous fat that is absent from a healthy body. a precursor to steroid hormones and a structural component of cell membranes. a precursor to steroid hormones, a structural component of cell membranes, and a dangerous fat that is absent from a healthy body.

An ion has gained or lost a double bond. a neutron(s). an electron(s). a proton(s). a carbon atom(s).

Epithelia are connected to underlying connective tissues by a basement membrane only. protein filaments embedded in glycoprotein only. a basal lamina only. a basement membrane and protein filaments embedded in glycoprotein only. a basement membrane, protein filaments embedded in glycoprotein, and a basal lamina.

Polymers are a typical formation of ________ molecules. organic inorganic either organic or inorganic

Which of the following is a way to recognize a carbohydrate by looking at its name only? It always ends in -ase. It ends in -ose It begins with nucleo-. It begins with proteo-. It begins with lipo-.

Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to blood. epithelium. fat. bone. neural tissue.

Isotopes of the same element differ by having different numbers of ________. A. Protons B. Neutrons C. Electrons

The proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are then sent to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum for storage. the Golgi complex for packaging. the lysosome for modification. the cell membrane for secretion. the nucleus for cellular use.

This results when an atom has such a strong attraction for electrons that it pulls one or more electrons completely away from another atom. A. Van der whals force B. Ionic C. Hydrogen D. Covalent

Microtubules are composed of tubulin. are hollow, filamentous structures. form cilia that aid in cell movement. are the largest cytoplasmic fibers. All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding mitochondria? The outer mitochondrial membrane is responsible for its shape. The intermembrane space is used in the production of ATP. Mitochondria contain their own DNA and RNA. Mitochondria can replicate themselves only when directed by the cell's nuclear DNA. Mitochondria are responsible for providing energy to the cell.

If the adrenal cortex produces lipid based hormones such as aldosterone, which organelle would be higher in cells of the adrenal cortex than in the adrenal medulla? Golgi apparatus mitochondria ribosome rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following biological molecules exhibit the characteristics of saturation, specificity and competition? carbohydrates receptor proteins lipids and proteins nucleotides lipids

________ is a tissue that is modified to transmit chemical and electrical signals from one cell to another. Connective tissue Exocrine tissue Epithelia tissue Endothelium Neural tissue

The watery medium that surrounds a cell is known as cytosol. protoplasm. extracellular fluid. cytoplasm. plasma.

The alpha-helix and pleated sheet are examples of the ________ structure of a protein. primary secondary tertiary quaternary pentanary

The concentration of a solution expresses the amount of solvent per volume of solute. solute per volume of solvent. solvent per volume of solution. solute per volume of solution. None of the answers are correct.

In a 5% NaCl solution, this means there are 5 grams of sodium chloride for every 100 mL of water. this means there are 5 grams of sodium chloride for every 100 mL of total solution. the solute is water. this means there are 5 grams of sodium chloride for every 100 mL of water and there are 5 grams of sodium chloride for every 100 mL of total solution.

The control center for cellular operations is the nucleus. mitochondria. Golgi complex. endoplasmic reticulum. ribosomes.

A molecule referred to as highly soluble is very likely to dissolve in water. not very likely to dissolve in water. called aqueous. very likely to dissolve in water and is called aqueous. not very likely to dissolve in water and is called aqueous.

Each of the following is an example of a nonmembranous organelle except one. Identify the exception. lysosome cilia centriole ribosome cytoskeleton

The literal meaning of the term physiology is knowledge of organs. math. nature. chemistry. science.

Which of the following are examples of cations? SO42- Ca2+ HPO42- HCO3- Cl-

Glycoprotein molecules act as receptors on the surface of cell membranes. function as cell markers. are present in the secretions coating the respiratory tract. function as hormones from the pancreas. act as receptors on the surface of cell membranes and function as cell markers.

Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is TRUE except one. Identify the exception. The mitochondrial cristae increase the inner surface area of the organelle. The matrix of the mitochondria contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production. Respiratory enzymes are attached to the surface of the cristae. The mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA. The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.

The smallest unit of an element is a(n) atom. molecule. element.

Which of the following elements combine to form nonpolar covalent bonds? carbon and hydrogen nitrogen and hydrogen sodium and chlorine hydrogen and oxygen carbon and chlorine

Functions of epithelia include all of the following EXCEPT providing physical protection. controlling permeability. producing specialized secretions. storing energy reserves. movement.

A scientifically logical guess is a model. theory. hypothesis. law. variable.

These are weak attractive forces that are responsible for the surface tension of water. a Van der Waals attraction an ionic bond a hydrogen bond a covalent bond a potassium bond

Functions of connective tissue include establishing a structural framework for the body. transporting fluids and dissolved materials. providing protection for delicate organs. storing energy reserves. All of the answers are correct.

This type of epithelia is composed of thin, flattened cells that allow the rapid passage of O2 and CO2 in and out of the lungs and of certain blood vessels. exchange transport ciliated protective secretory

In a chemical reaction, ________ between atoms are broken as atoms are rearranged in new combinations to form different chemical substances. chemical bonds electron shells nuclei protons homeostatic interactions

Which of the following is a common feature of soluble proteins? structural support noncovalent interaction receptor binding chemical modulation All of the answers are correct.

If a scientific opinion has been verified repeatedly, it becomes a model. theory. hypothesis. law. variable.

The designation Ca2+ means calcium has space for two more electrons. calcium has gained two more electrons. calcium has space for two more protons. calcium has gained two more protons.

This particle has a charge of +1 and a mass of 1. sodium chloride electron molecular oxygen neutron proton

This type of epithelia is composed of cells with membrane extensions that beat in a coordinated fashion to move fluid and particles across the tissue. exchange transport ciliated protective secretory

The term meaning a mitotic population of cells that persists into adulthood applies to stem cells. totipotent cells. apoptosis. nurse cells. gametocytes.

You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise influence heart rate. Which of the following is/are considered an independent variable? age of subjects sex of subjects intensity of exercise heart rate More than one of the answers is correct.

A layer of glycoproteins and a network of fine protein filaments that prevents the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the connective tissue to epithelium describes interfacial canals. the basal lamina. the reticular lamina. areolar tissue. endothelium

A placebo is a hole in a cavity wall through which an organ protrudes. any drug in a class of drugs commonly used as pain relievers. a nutritive and respiratory organ in fetal development. any drug being tested in a clinical trial. a drug or treatment that is expected to have no pharmacological effect.

________ is the extracellular component of connective tissues. Blood Cartilage Mucous Cytoplasm Ground substance

Due to the fact that they divide frequently, epithelia are prone to the genetic mutations associated with cancer. True False

Which of the following levels of protein structure occurs from spontaneous folding that results from covalent bonds and noncovalent interactions? teritiary quaternary primary triangular secondary

An element's ability to bind to and with other elements is determined by which of the following? its state of glycosylation the arrangement of electrons in the outer shell of an atom the amount of folding in its subunits the number of enzymes required its amino acid composition

Protein specificity is the activation of a specific protein that is needed to perform a particular function. the degree to which a protein is attracted to a ligand. the ability of a protein to bind a certain ligand or a group of related ligands. the degree to which a protein-ligand complex initiates a response. the degree to which a protein is attracted to a ligand and the ability of a protein to bind a certain ligand or a group of related ligands.

During intense exercise our muscles produce lactate and hydrogen ions. Which of the following molecules would be affected by the accumulation of hydrogen ions? cholesterol in the plasma membrane glucose molecules in the adipose tissue the proteins actin and myosin DNA in the nucleus phospholipids in the membrane

________ secretions are released into interstitial space to diffuse into the blood. Exocrine Endocrine Mucous Serous Ribosomal

You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise influence heart rate. Which of the following is/are considered a dependent variable? age of subjects sex of subjects intensity of exercise heart rate More than one of the answers is correct.

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to prevent the external environment from changing. prevent the internal environment from changing. quickly restore changed conditions to normal. ignore external stimuli to remain in a state of rest. prevent excessive blood loss.

Which of the following would be considered an allosteric modulator? A substance that has no effect on the affinity of the ligand. A substance that binds to proteins away from the active site. A substance involved in activation via phosphorylation. A substance that binds irreversibly. A substance that can be displaced by competition at the active site.

Allosteric modulator A. involved in phosphorylation B. cannot be displaced by competition C. bind proteins away from active site D. reversible antagonist

Arrange the following events in protein secretion in the proper sequence. 1. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. 2. A secretory vesicle is formed. 3. A transport vesicle is formed. 4. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the Golgi complex. 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 3, 2, 4 1, 3, 4, 2 4, 3, 1, 2 3, 1, 4, 2

Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria nucleoli Golgi apparatus

Increasing muscle mass and decreasing fat content in your body can increase resting metabolism. Why is this? because doing so requires exercise and exercising burns calories because muscle cells have more mitochondria than fat cells, allowing for more energy to be made from sugar because adipocytes contain more cytoplasmic inclusions which slow down metabolism because fat cells have no blood supply and cannot carry nutrients to be metabolized

The fluid substance of blood is called interstitial fluid. plasma. cytoplasm. endothelium. peroxide.

The term polar is used to describe molecules because polar covalent molecules are found in colder climates. polar covalent molecules were first discovered in polar bears. there are at least two distinct ends of the molecule regarding electron position and the resulting charge. there are at least two distinct ends of the molecule regarding hydrogen placement. such molecules are always linear in shape.

Which of the following cytoskeleton components are responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell division? microfilaments intermediate filaments thick filaments microtubules All of the answers are correct.

If a cell lacked lysosomes, it would not be able to synthesize lipids. produce enzymes. digest cellular wastes and bacteria. destroy H2O2. transport water-soluble molecules.

To which of the following groups of biomolecules do triglycerides and steroids belong? nucleotides lipids and proteins lipids carbohydrates proteins

Place these terms in the typical sequence in which they appear in the scientific process: experimental data, theory, model, observation, hypothesis, replication. experimental data, theory, model, observation, hypothesis, replication replication, hypothesis, experimental data, theory, model, observation theory, observation, experimental data, hypothesis, replication, model observation, replication, model, experimental data, hypothesis, theory observation, hypothesis, experimental data, replication, model, theory

Cells that store fat are called fibroblasts. liposomes. adipocytes. mast cells. melanocytes.

Mature nerve and muscle cells are expected to lack which organelle(s)? nucleus endoplasmic reticulum centrioles ribosomes Golgi bodies

Peroxisomes use an enzyme to destroy H2O2 that is toxic to the cell. are a type of lysosome. are responsible for the atrophy of unused muscles. are sites for synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, and phospholipids. All of the answers accurately describe peroxisomes.

Cell membranes are said to be ________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others. selectively permeable hydrophilic metabolically active structural a physical barrier

If a polypeptide contains 10 peptide bonds, how many amino acids does it contain? 0 5 10 11

Which of the following substances is most alkaline? lemon juice, pH = 2 urine, pH = 6 tomato juice, pH = 4 white wine, pH = 3 stomach secretions, pH = 1

Beta strands are an example of a spatial arrangement of amino acids. True False

When two or more atoms are chemically linked, the smallest unit of the resulting material is referred to as a(n) atom. molecule. element. nucleus. tissue.

The organic molecules known as phospholipids are key components of cell membranes and composed of what monomeric units? amino acids nucleotides glycerol fatty acids both glycerol and fatty acids

Which of the following are used to keep our systems at or near their setpoints? positive feedback loops response loops feedback loops open control loops feedforward control loop

Which type of connective tissue does NOT fit with the typical characteristic regarding relative cell density? cartilage bone adipose blood dense

Nucleoli function in the production of peroxisomes. proteins. secretory vesicles. RNA for ribosomes. DNA that controls all cell functions.

When glucose enters a cell it is phosphorylated in order to maintain a low glucose concentration in the cell. The enzyme that phosphorylates glucose would be what kind of modulator? allosteric modulator irreversible agonist covalent modulator reversible antagonist competitive inhibitor

All of the following are synthesized along various sites of the endoplasmic reticulum except one. Identify the exception. proteins fatty acids steroids RNA phospholipids

Which of the following types of bonds between adjacent amino acids plays an important role in the shape of globular proteins? collagen bonds metallic bond sodium bonds secondary bonds disulfide bonds

Nucleotides participate in which of the following functions? They form structural elements in the cell membrane. They combine with oxygen to produce energy. They are the building blocks of proteins like cell receptors. They transfer energy and are part of genetic material.

When an enzyme reaches its saturation point, the amount of substrate for the enzyme to act upon is very high. the amount of substrate for the enzyme to act upon is very low. the amount of product produced continues to increase. the amount of product produced by the enzyme decreases. the amount of substrate for the enzyme to act upon is very low and the amount of product produced by the enzyme decreases.

Which group of elements makes up more than 90% of the body's mass? O, Ca, H O, C, H O, H, Na Ca, C, O C, Na, K

Potassium channels are usually composed of several subunits. This is an example of which level of protein structure? primary secondary teritiary quaternary alpha helix

All of the structures listed below are involved in storage, EXCEPT lysosomes. peroxisomes. secretory vesicles. storage vesicles. All are involved in cellular storage.

In a pancreatic cell producing digestive enzyme, you would expect to find an elaborate rough endoplasmic reticulum. smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Most of the fat found in the human body is in the form of steroids. phospholipids. triglycerides. prostaglandins. monoglycerides.

The fuel molecule all cells in the body can use is sucrose. starch. protein. vitamins. glucose.

Groups of tissues that carry out related functions may form structures known as cells. organs. organelles. organisms. impossible to tell from the information given

If a substance has a pH that is less than 7, it is considered neutral. acidic. alkaline. a buffer. a salt.

The function of microvilli, often seen on the apical membrane of transporting epithelia, is to increase the movement of extracellular fluid. increase the resistance of the cell to viruses. increase the cell's surface area. increase the toughness of the cell. allow the cell to move through a fluid medium.

Which of the following best describes an irreversible antagonist? allosteric enhancer cannot be displaced by competition binds to proteins away from the active site reversible antagonist involved in activation via phosphorylation

This tissue actively and selectively regulates the exchange of nongaseous material, such as ions and nutrients, and can be regulated in response to various stimuli. A. Exchange B. Transport C. Ciliated D. Protective E. Secretory

The lumen of a hollow organ such as the stomach is considered to be part of the ________ environment. internal external

The nucleus stores all the information needed to synthesize which of the following molecules? carbohydrates lipids proteins phospholipids All of the answers are correct.

Simplest cell-cell junction A. A gap-gap junction B. B tight junction C. C anchoring junction

Oxytocin is a hormone that is released in response to cervical dilation. It in turn causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. What type of feedback loop does oxytocin trigger? negative feedback positive feedback local control nociceptive feedback

Each of the following is a primary tissue type except one. Identify the exception. muscle tissue neural tissue osseous tissue connective tissue epithelial tissue

Which of the following systems does NOT exchange material with the internal and external environments? circulatory system respiratory system digestive system urinary system All of the above.

Which of the following biological molecules exhibit the characteristics of saturation, specificity and competition? carbohydrates receptor proteins nucleotides lipids lipids and proteins

The chemical bonding behavior of an atom is directly determined by the number of protons. the number of neutrons. the number and arrangement of electrons. the size of the atom. the mass of the atom.

Each amino acid differs from others in the number of central carbon atoms size of the amino group. number of carboxyl groups. chemical structure of the R group. number of peptide bonds in the molecule.

________ secretions are released onto an epithelial surface. Hormonal Exocrine Microtubular Nuclear Endocrine

Interactions between different globular or fibrous polypeptide chains result in which type of structure? primary secondary tertiary quaternary pentagonal

These degrade long chain fatty acids and toxic foreign molecules. A. Endoplasmic reticulum B. Golgi apparatus C. Lysosomes D. Mitochondria E. Peroxisomes

Physiology is the study of the structure of the body. the tissues and organs of the body at the microscopic level. growth and reproduction. the normal functions of the organ systems. the facial features as an indication of personality.

The weak interactions between atoms that keep atoms near each other but don't tightly bind them together are called hydrogen bonds. van der Waals forces. ionic bonds. hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. van der Waals forces and ionic bonds.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between pH and hydrogen ions? pH is always 100 times more than the number of hydrogen ions. pH and hydrogen ions are directly proportional. pH and hydrogen ions are equivalent. pH and hydrogen ions are independent and unrelated. pH and hydrogen ions are inversely proportional.

Microvilli are found mostly in muscle cells. on the inside of cell membranes. in large numbers on cells that secrete hormones. in cells that are actively engaged in absorption. only on cells lining the reproductive tract.

Composed of units called amino acids, these can be linked into chains over 100 peptides long. A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Proteins D. Nucleotides

All of these statements about carbohydrates are true except one. Identify the exception. Simple sugars include lactose, glucose, and ribose. Cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate on earth. Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide made by animal cells. Polysaccharides are important both for energy storage and to provide structure to cells. Glycogen is important both for energy storage and to provide structure for cells.

Which of the following would be disrupted by changes in free hydrogen ions in solution, thus disrupting the molecule's shape and function? hydrogen bonds double bonds covalent bonds disulfide bonds sodium bonds

Loose connective tissue functions in supporting small glands. supporting epithelia. anchoring blood vessels and nerves. All of the answers are correct.

When cancer develops in one tissue and spreads to another via the blood or the lymph, the cancer is said to have undergone what process? differentiation metastasis cytokinesis mutation

The reaction rates of many chemical reactions that occur in the body are controlled by special protein molecules called neurotransmitters. purines. intermediates. nucleic acids. enzymes.

The thickest protein fibers from the following group are microtubules. neurofilaments. microfilaments. myosin molecules. keratin filaments.

________ are kept within normal range by physiological control mechanisms which are used if the variable strays too far from its ________. Setpoints, regulated variable Steady state values, integrating center Dependent variables, lowest value Regulated variables, setpoint Independent variables, steady state

You are interested in learning more about Parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder that primarily affects motor function. Which is the best source to begin your investigation? physiology textbook MedlinePlusPubMed Ask.com a physician public library

The most important energy-transferring compound in cells is a molecule known as glucose. fructose. protein. adenosine triphosphate. deoxyribonucleic acid.

The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body. 1. tissue 2. cell 3. organ 4. molecule 5. organism 6. organ system The correct order from the smallest to the largest is 4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5. 2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 5. 4, 2, 3, 1, 6, 5. 4, 2, 1, 6, 3, 5. 6, 4, 5, 2, 3, 1.

Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins? bind to ligands regulate the passage of ions act as transport molecules for various solutes anchor or stabilize the cell membrane produce energy

Which of the following is a common feature of soluble proteins? structural support noncovalent interaction receptor binding chemical modulation All of the answers are correct.

The vasodilation of blood vessels surrounding muscles due to the production of carbon dioxide during exercise is an example of which of the following? local control neural control hormonal control reflex control long-distance control

Which bases below are purines? 1. Adenine 2. cytocine 3. guanine 4. thymine 5. Uracil 1 and 2 2 and 3 1, 3, and 5 1 and 3 2, 4, and 5

Intermediate filaments provide the cell with strength. stabilize the position of organelles. transport materials within the cytoplasm. form the neurofilaments in nerve cells. All of the answers are correct.

________ is the extracellular component of connective tissues. Ground substance Cartilage Mucous Cytoplasm Blood

When glucose enters a cell it is phosphorylated in order to maintain a low glucose concentration in the cell. The enzyme that phosphorylates glucose would be what kind of modulator? allosteric modulator reversible antagonist competitive inhibitor covalent modulator irreversible agonist

Only totipotent stem cells are capable of producing new cells in an adult. True False

Which substance is responsible for activating the digestive enzymes inside lysosomes? air water acid enzymes base

Plasma is to blood as ________ is to cytoplasm. inclusion organelle protein cytosol serum

Every substance that enters or leaves the internal environment of the body must cross an epithelium. True False

________ is a protective layer made up of mostly membrane carbohydrates. Glycocalyx Cadherin Connective tissue Epidermis Focal Adhesion

There are 10 cloned horses, born on the same day, with identical chromosomes. They are each subjected to the same physical training regimen, but given daily injections of different concentrations of a particular vitamin. They all run the same race. You set up a graph to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose. Which type of graph is best to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose? bar graph line graph scatter plot

If a reaction which is stopped by substance X can recover when a lot more of the native activator is supplied, substance X would be considered which of the following? a phosphatase irreversible antagonist competitive inhibitor allosteric modulator covalent modulator

Which of the following is NOT a membrane lipid? Sphingolipids Cholesterol Phospholipids All are membrane lipids.

The most important polar molecule is ________ because it is practically a universal solvent. water bicarbonate sodium chloride magnesium sulfate nucleic acid

The types of junction proteins important in growth and development are claudins. occludins. CAMs. connexins. integrins.

Cells regulate their level of activity by regulating the amount of proteins present in the cell at any given time, so an up regulation of enzymes would be expected to increase the level of productivity of chemical reactions that rely on them. decrease the level of productivity of chemical reactions that rely on them. increase the rate of reactions catalyzed by the enzymes. decrease the rate of reactions catalyzed by the enzymes. both decrease the level of productivity of chemical reactions that rely on them and decrease the rate of reactions catalyzed by the enzymes.

________ proteins attach loosely to other membrane proteins or polar regions of phospholipids. Nuclear Peripheral Glycolipid Transmembrane Cytoskeletal

A layer of glycoproteins and a network of fine protein filaments that prevents the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the connective tissue to epithelium describes interfacial canals. the basal lamina. the reticular lamina. areolar tissue. endothelium.

Which of the following is NOT a molecule synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)? fatty acids steroids proteins lipids All are synthesized in the SER.

All of the structures listed below are involved in storage, EXCEPT lysosomes. peroxisomes. secretory vesicles. storage vesicles. All are involved in cellular storage.

A nucleotide consists of a five-carbon sugar and phosphate group. five-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base. phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. five-carbon sugar and an amino acid.

A liposome is only an additive to creams and lotions. only a drug-delivery vehicle. only a type of lipid. only a structural component of cell membranes. an additive to creams and lotions and a drug-delivery vehicle.

Which of the following cytoskeleton components are responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell division? microfilaments intermediate filaments thick filaments microtubules All of the answers are correct

Which of the following is a buffer zone between the outside world and most of the cells of the body? blood lumen lymph extracellular fluid All of the answers are correct.

________ secretions are released into interstitial space to diffuse into the blood. Endocrine Exocrine Serous Mucous Ribosomal

Which of the following would be disrupted by changes in free hydrogen ions in solution, thus disrupting the molecule's shape and function? sodium bonds double bonds covalent bonds disulfide bonds hydrogen bonds

The simple squamous epithelial lining of blood vessels is called basolateral epithelium. endothelium. luteal cells. the vasa recta. None of the answers are correct.

The distinguishing characteristic of connective tissue is that it is arranged in sheets of tissue that lie on body surfaces. always dividing, constantly being replaced throughout the body. the presence of extensive extracellular matrix containing widely scattered cells. the collagen fibers that offer support.

The beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin, a protein-based hormone. Which of the following organelles would be found in higher levels in the beta cells? mitochondria ribosomes microvilli lysosomes

Centrioles function as pipelines to move fluid through the cell. direct the movement of DNA during cell division. hold the cell's ribosomes in place. are white blood cells out of vessels.

Plasma is found within the circulatory system. the fluid portion of blood. a subdivision of the ECF. sometimes donated instead of blood. All of the answers are correct.

The type of protein found in gap junctions is the claudin. occludin. cadherin. connexin. integrin.

A free radical is a charged particle. molecule with an extra electron. molecule with an extra neutron. molecule with an extra proton. molecule with an unpaired electron.

Adaptive significance is an important concept in physiology because it describes the importance of a highly variable external environment. the physiological functions that promote an organism's survival. the ability of an organism to monitor and restore its internal state to normal conditions when necessary. the similarities between ancient and modern marine organisms. the parameters necessary to maintain a constant internal environment.