A&P Ch. 26- Pearson – Flashcards

True or False: Some potassium ions are reabsorbed from the kidney filtrate via type A intercalated cells, a unique population of collecting duct cells.

Total body water is NOT a function of which of the following? A. amount of body fat B. age C. body mass D. amount of water ingested

The most important force causing net outward water flow across capillary walls is ________. A. hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid B. hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood C. osmotic pressure of plasma proteins D. intracellular hydrostatic pressure

True or False: Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient.

True or False: Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.

Which of the following hormones functions to increase water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins into the principal cell apical membranes? A. aldosterone B. atrial natriuretic peptide C. antidiuretic hormone D. progesterone

True or False: The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma.

True or False: Hypercalcemia causes muscle tetany.

The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? A. potassium ions B. hydrogen ions C. calcium ions D. sodium ions

Which of the following is NOT a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? A. respiratory changes B. renal mechanisms C. chemical buffers D. diet

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis? A. metabolic acidosis B. respiratory acidosis C. respiratory alkalosis D. metabolic alkalosis

Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid. A. potassium B. iron C. bicarbonate D. chloride

True or False: The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.

True or False: Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they only partially dissociate.

The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________. A. the feeling one might have after profuse sweating with exertion B. the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor C. a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water D. a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment

Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? A. respiratory acidosis B. respiratory alkalosis C. metabolic alkalosis D. metabolic acidosis

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? A. glucocorticoids B. aldosterone C. water levels D. ADH

True or False: Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS, whereas blood alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS.

True or False: Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal.

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts? A. There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts. B. Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts. C. Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts. D. Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body.

When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are low ________. A. nearly all of the filtered water is reabsorbed B. aquaporins are inserted into the principal cell apical membranes C. most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed D. a small volume of concentrated urine is excreted

True or False: Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasodilation and potassium and water retention.

True or False: Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium.

The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________. A. intracellular fluid B. plasma C. interstitial fluid D. cerebrospinal fluid

Insufficient parathyroid hormone production in the body could result in ________. A. kidney stones B. muscle twitching C. muscle weakness D. cardiac arrhythmia

The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________. A. the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach B. the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells C. control of the acids produced in the stomach D. the control of respiratory ventilation

True or False: Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum levels are low.

For bulk flow across capillary walls, ________. A. fluid runs into lymphatic capillaries that empty into the interstitial space B. hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial space returns fluid to the capillary C. hydrostatic pressure of blood forces nearly protein-free plasma out of the blood into the interstitial space D. osmotic pressure of plasma proteins pulls fluid from the capillary into the interstitial space

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid? A. aldosterone B. antidiuretic hormone C. renin D. erythropoietin

True or False: Salts are lost from the body in perspiration and urine only.

True or False: As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases.

Possibly caused by asthma, pneumonia, or a severe panic attack.

Possibly caused by vomiting, use of diuretics, or use of antacids.

Possibly occurring with emphysema, extreme obesity, or narcotic overdose.

Possibly caused by severe diarrhea or untreated diabetes mellitus.

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention? A. thyroxine B. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) C. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D. aldosterone

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________. A. respiratory acidosis B. respiratory alkalosis C. metabolic acidosis D. metabolic alkalosis

True or False: Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of body fluids.

True or False: It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions.

True or False: Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.

True or False: Excessive loss of water from the extracellular fluid (ECF) leads to a rise in osmotic pressure in the ECF which causes cells to shrink as water leaves by osmosis.

True or False: The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus.

Which of the following is NOT a disorder of water balance? A. excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins B. edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure C. hypotonic hydration, in which sodium content is normal but water content is high D. excessive hydration due to excess atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion

True or False: The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.

True or False: The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them.

True or False: The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.

True or False: Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems.

True or False: Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.

True or False: One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system.

True or False: Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism.

Falling arterial blood pressure promotes ________. A. enhanced water loss in urine B. enhanced sodium ion loss in urine C. vasodilation D. vasoconstriction

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________. A. the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions B. a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids C. a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction D. a runner has completed a very long marathon

The regulation of sodium ________. A. is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus B. involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration C. involves aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium excretion in the kidneys D. is linked to blood pressure

Nancy is experiencing an acute panic attack. While hyperventilating, she remembers to open a paper bag and breathe into it. What is Nancy trying to prevent? A. respiratory alkalosis B. metabolic alkalosis C. respiratory acidosis D.metabolic acidosis

True or False: To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output.

Which of the following is NOT a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin? A. decreased stretch of the granular cells of the afferent arterioles B. increased extracellular fluid water levels C. sympathetic stimulation D. decreased filtrate NaCl concentration

The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________. A. potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid B. the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells C. intracellular sodium levels D. the pH of the intracellular fluid

Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology? A. She will experience hypotension. B. It will cause a prolonged increase in the osmolality of the blood. C. There will be a temporary increase in blood volume. D. There will be a shift in the pH of her body fluids to the higher side of the pH scale.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________. A. enhance atrial contractions B. reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention C. activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism D. prevent pH changes caused by organic acids

Which of the following does NOT depend on the presence of electrolytes? A. maintenance of osmotic relations between cells and extracellular fluid B. neuromuscular excitability C. amount of body fat D. membrane polarity

True or False: Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.

An atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.

Fluid loss, either the loss of water or the loss of water and solutes together.

A disorder entailing deficient aldosterone production by the adrenal cortex.

Regulates sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid.

A condition due to excessive water intake that results in net osmosis into tissue cells. This leads to severe metabolic disturbances.

True or False: Thirst is always a reliable indicator of body water need.

Molecules that can act reversibly as acids or bases depending upon the pH of their environment are called ________. A. volatile B. metabolic C. compensatory D. amphoteric

True or False: Carotid artery and aortic baroreceptors are involved in long term adjustment to total body sodium ion content.

True or False: Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride.

True or False: When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the distal convoluted tubule.

An illness causes Doug to experience severe diarrhea and an accompanying loss of bicarbonate-rich secretions. How can this metabolic acidosis be compensated? A. increased respiratory rate and depth B. hypoventilation C. enhanced sodium ion loss in urine D. increased renin secretion

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. A. phosphate B. protein C. bicarbonate D. hemoglobin

True or False: Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration.

One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________. A. a rise in plasma osmolality B. becoming overly agitated C. a dry mouth from high temperatures D. drinking caffeinated beverages

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? A. K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids B. little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids C. equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids D. Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids

If the thyroid and parathyroid glands are surgically removed, which of the following would go out of balance without replacement therapy? A. anion levels B. calcium ion levels C. sodium ion levels D. potassium ion levels

Mary finds that she regularly retains water at a certain point in the menstrual cycle. Which of the following is chemically similar to aldosterone, and like aldosterone, enhances NaCl reabsorption in the renal tubules? A. progesterone B. luteinizing hormone C. estrogen D. follicle-stimulating hormone

True or False: The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin.

In a car accident, Jane suffered a chest injury that resulted in impaired breathing and respiratory acidosis. How will her body compensate for this imbalance? A. kidneys eliminate carbon dioxide B. kidneys eliminate bicarbonate ions C. kidneys retain bicarbonate ions D. kidneys retain hydrogen ions

The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________. A. requires active transport B. always involves filtration C. requires ATP for the transport to take place D. is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

After completing a marathon on a particularly warm day, Dave consumes four liters of water. Soon after, he begins to feel nauseous and starts vomiting. What is likely happening to Dave? A. obligatory water loss B. dehydration C. hyponatremia; very low extracellular sodium ion concentration D. hypoproteinemia; unusually low levels of plasma proteins

Which of the choices below is NOT an essential role of salts in the body? A. membrane permeability B. secretory activity C. neuromuscular activity D. anabolism of lipids

The regulation of potassium balance ________. A. is not linked to sodium balance B. involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium C. is accomplished mainly by hepatic mechanisms D. includes renal secretion, but never absorption

True or False: Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis.

True or False: Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentration in the ECF remains relatively stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume.

Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? A. nucleic acid B. bicarbonate C. protein D. phosphate