APUSH Ch. 22 The "New Era" – Flashcards

An interest group composed of companies in the same business or industry (the same "trade") that lobbies for policies that will benefit members of the group.

An approach to labor relations in which companies met some of their workers' needs without prompting by unions, this prevented strikes and kept productivity high.

A union of skilled workers from one or more trades which focused on collective bargaining (negotiation between labor and management) to reach written agreements on wages hours and working conditions. The union used strikes as a major tactic to win higher wages and shorter work weeks.

Positions such as nursing, teaching, and retail store sales, usually held by women.

A business-oriented approach to worker relations popular among firms in the 1920s to defeat unionization. Managers sought to strengthen their communication with workers and to offer benefits like pensions and insurance. They insisted on an "open shop" in contrast to the mandatory union membership through the "closed shop" that many labor activists had demanded in the strike after World War I.

A company with a labor agreement under which union membership CANNOT BE REQUIRED as a condition of employment.

A government-supported level for the prices of agricultural products, intended to keep farmers' incomes steady in the volatile global market

Farm proposal from 1924-1928 that sought to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad; government losses were to be made up by a special tax on farmers; Congress twice passed the bill, but Coolidge twice vetoed it; farm prices remained low.

1927 - The first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of famous singer Al Jolson.

Psychologist who analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment.

founded the American Birth Control League in 1921. She also encouraged young women to openly discuss issues ranging from menstruation to the prevention of pregnancy, and to help put a stop to poverty, abuse, and premature death of young women.

Women of the 1920s who cut their hair into short "bobs," wore short skirts, rolled down their stockings to reveal their knees, drank alcohol, and danced the "Charleston." Their numbers were few, but their behavior was very public and brought about concerns of moral decay in the nation.

(1921) First federal health care legislation aimed at lowering high rates of infant mortality by funding medical clinics, prenatal educational programs, and visiting nurse projects.

Used Fredrick W. Taylor's principles of scientific management to create assembly lines when producing his automobiles. It was also his goal to create an automobile that would be priced so an average American family could purchase one. His increase of wages in return for "thrifty habits" led to his being labeled a "traitor to his class" by other industrialists. By 1929, there were about 30 million automobiles in the nation, compared to just barely one million before World War I.

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean

He received a Nobel Prize for literature, Main Street (1920)- attacked rural life in a prairie town. It portrayed the stifling, mean, cramped life, and typifies the active disdain of leading young urban intellectuals for the old-fashioned rural/small town values.

Was part of both the jazz age and the lost generation. Wrote books on the flapper culture, and books scorning the wealthy in American society. One of his best known works is The Great Gatsby.

This is the name taken by a group of authors and artists who grew increasingly concerned by the influence of money and conservatism on society. This group was made up of authors and poets such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound, and Ernest Hemingway. Artists such as Georgia O'Keefe and Thomas Hart Benton reacted to the impact of technology and business by painting realist or early surrealist works that portrayed American themes without the glitter of consumerism.

This era from 1920 to 1929, also called the Roaring Twenties, was a time of cultural transformation. African American music moved from the Deep South into northern cities like Chicago and Philadelphia. Jazz became the music of choice for the young and "hip" urbanites.

This movement took place when a New York City neighborhood became the center of 1920's African American culture. Creative African Americans fostered the movement. Writers like Langston Hughes expressed the joy and pain of being African American. Artists like Sterling Brown brought African American culture into socialites' homes. Jazz musicians like Duke Ellington became successful and traveled the country.

This was a national ban on the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol, in place from 1920 to 1933. Also known as the prohibition movement spearheaded by prohibitionists who believed that alcohol was a dangerous drug that destroyed lives and disrupted families and communities, and took an economic toll on society.

This infamous Chicago crime boss ran a network of illegal activities that began with alcohol and soon connected with drugs, prostitution, and illegal gambling. Violent turf wars between rival gamgs or assassinations of informers made Chicago one of the most dangerous cities in the United States.

Also known as the Immigration Act of 1921, set a 3 percent immigration limit on individuals from each nation of origin based on the 1910 census. A reflection of the increasing resentment of immigrants in the early 1900s.

1924, set the immigration limit to 2 percent based on the 1890 census. This law was adopted to reduce the number of immigrants entering the US from Southern and Eastern European and Asia. Reflects the growing nativism of the 1920s

Organization founded in the South during the Reconstuction era by whites who wanted to maintain white supremacy in the region. The organization used terror tactics to initimidate African Americans and also opposed Catholics and Southern and Eastern European immigrants.

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

Broad movement in Protestantism in the U.S. which tried to preserve what it considered the basic ideas of Christianity against criticism by liberal theologies. It stressed the literal truths of the Bible and creation.

American fundamentalist minister and former professional baseball player; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups.

An educator in Tennessee who was arrested for teaching evolution. This trial represented the struggle between fundamentalists and modernists in American society in teh 1920s. It was also a reflection of the moral, cultural, and religious transformations sweeping the nation.

1925 TN trial where a high school science teacher was charged with teaching evolution, a violation of state law. The American Civil Liberties Union hired Clarence Darrow to defend the educator, while the chief attorney for the prosecution was William Jennings Bryan. An example of the struggle between traditional and modern America.

1920s Middle class wives share increasingly in their husbands social lives, more attention to cosmetics and clothing, less willing to let children interfere with marriage. This will set the tone for the next generation and also change how marriage and love is viewed in society.

Governor of New York four times, and was the Democratic U.S. presidential candidate in 1928. He was the first Roman Catholic and Irish-American to run for President as a major party nominee. He lost the election to Herbert Hoover.

One of many scandals that took place during the presidency of Warren G. Harding. The Secretary of the Interior accepted bribes from oil companies for acceess to government oil reserves in Wyoming; other Cabinet members were later convicted of accepting bribes and using their influence to make millions. The Harding administration was perhaps the most corrupt administration in American political history.

Secretary of Treasury, a weathy steel and aluminum tycoon, devoted himself to working for substantial reductions in taxes on corporae profits, personal incomes, and inheritances, Largely because of his efforts, Congress cut them all by more than half. He also worked closely with President Coolidge after 1924 on a series of measures to trim dramatically the already modest federal bidget. The administration even managed to retire half the nation's WWI debt.

Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover's approach to managing the economy. Firms and organizations in each economic sector would be asked to cooperate with each other in pursuit of efficiency, profit, and public good.

A pro-business Republican president who took over after Harding's death, restored honesty to government, and accelerated the tax cutting and anti-regulation policies of his predecessor; his laissez-faire policies brought short-term prosperity from 1923 to 1929.