Micro chapter 7 – Flashcards

The totality of all the chemical reactions of a cell is referred to as its ... A. catabolism. B. redox reactions. C. phosphorylation. D. metabolism. E. cellular respiration.

The breakdown of peptidoglycan into N-acetylmuramic acid, N-acetylglucosamine, and peptides is an example of ... A. anabolism. B. catabolism. C. phosphorylation. D. fermentation. E. synthesis.

Enzymes are ... A. broken down in reactions that require energy input. B. proteins that function as catalysts. C. used up in chemical reactions. D. not needed for catabolic reactions. E. All of the choices are correct.

Formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to build a polypeptide would be called ... A. anabolism. B. phosphorylation. C. fermentation. D. exergonic. E. glycolysis.

Each of the following is true of enzymes except: A. they can be used over and over. B. they may or may not require cofactors. C. their active site is specific to the substrate. D. they increase the input of energy required for a reaction to start.

The cell's metabolic reactions involve the participation of _________ that lower the activation energy needed for the initiation of a reaction. A. cofactors B. vitamins C. enzymes D. ATP E. coenzymes

An apoenzyme is ... A. part of a simple enzyme. B. also called a coenzyme. C. the protein part of a holoenzyme. D. often an inorganic metal ion. E. an RNA molecule.

A holoenzyme is a combination of a protein and one or more substances called ... A. substrates. B. apoenzymes. C. catalysts. D. cofactors

Some important components of coenzymes are ... A. vitamins. B. metallic ions. C. active sites. D. substrates. E. ribozymes.

Enzymes that are only produced when the substrate is present are termed ... A. exoenzymes. B. endoenzymes. C. constitutive enzymes. D. induced enzymes. E. conjugated enzymes.

Enzymes that hydrolyze a peptide bond are called ... A. phosphotransferases. B. oxidoreductases. C. peptidases. D. aminotransferases. E. ligases.

During aerobic cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is ... A. pyruvic acid. B. oxygen. C. nitrate. D. cytochrome c. E. FAD.

Enzymes that are always present, regardless of the amount of substrate, are called ... A. apoenzymes. B. axoenzymes. C. constitutive enzymes. D. regulated enzymes. E. endoenzymes.

When enzyme action stops due to a buildup of end product, this control is called ... A. feedback inhibition (negative feedback). B. competitive inhibition. C. enzyme induction. D. enzyme repression.

Each of the following are denaturing agents except: A. high temperature. B. low temperature. C. high pH. D. low pH. E. All of the choices are correct.

Feedback inhibition, a negative feedback mechanism that regulates enzymes, is best described as ... A. substrate binding to DNA, blocking enzyme transcription. B. product binding to DNA, blocking enzyme transcription. C. substrate binding to enzyme in noncompetitive site. D. product binding to enzyme in noncompetitive site.

Metabolic pathways that regenerate their starting point are called _______ pathways. A. linear B. bidirectional C. convergent D. cyclic

When the product of reaction A becomes the reactant of reaction B, the metabolic pathway is ... A. linear. B. bidirectional. C. convergent. D. cyclic.

Most electron carriers are ... A. coenzymes. B. enzymes. C. hydrogens. D. inorganic phosphates.

Exergonic reactions ... A. include synthesis of large carbohydrates. B. only occur in heterotrophs. C. release energy. D. do not occur in anaerobic cellular respiration. E. occur when ADP binds to inorganic phosphate to form ATP.

In the cell, energy released by electron transfers is often used to phosphorylate ... A. ATP. B. ADP. C. pyruvic acid. D. oxygen. E. NAD.

In addition to electrons, which of the following is also involved in electron transfer in redox reactions? A. ADP B. glucose C. carbon D. hydrogen E. carbon dioxide

FAD, NAD, and coenzyme A are all _________ carriers. A. hydrogen B. electron C. ATP D. hydrogen and electron

All of the following pertain to glycolysis except it ... A. occurs without oxygen. B. ends with formation of pyruvic acid. C. occurs during fermentation. D. degrades glucose to CO2 and H2O. E. involves reduction of NAD.

Glycolysis ... A. uses 2 ATPs, produces 2 ATPs, and requires oxygen. B. uses 2 ATPs, produces 4 ATPs, and requires oxygen. C. uses 2 ATPs, produces 4 ATPs, without using oxygen. D. uses 2 ATPs, produces 2 ATPs, without using oxygen.

The formation of citrate from oxaloacetate and an acetyl-CoA begins ... A. glycolysis. B. the electron transport system. C. the Krebs cycle. D. fermentation. E. oxidative phosphorylation.

The majority of reduced NADH is produced in ... A. glycolysis. B. the Krebs cycle. C. the electron transport chain.

In bacterial cells, the electron transport system is located in the ... A. cell membrane. B. mitochondria. C. chloroplasts. D. ribosomes. E. cytoplasm.

Each NADH that enters the electron transport system gives rise to a maximum of _____ ATP. A. 2 B. 3 C. 24 D. 36 E. 38

Each FADH2 from the Krebs cycle enters the electron transport system and gives rise to a maximum of _____ ATP(s). A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

The redox carriers of the electron transport chain that have a tightly bound metal atom responsible for accepting and donating electrons are ... A. NAD. B. FAD. C. NADP. D. the cytochromes. E. the flavoproteins.

NADH and FADH2 molecules are oxidized in which stage of the aerobic respiration process? A. electron transport system B. Krebs cycle C. glycolysis D. step before Krebs cycle

During which of the phases of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP formed? A. electron transport B. Krebs cycle C. glycolysis D. processing of pyruvic acid for the Krebs cycle E. All phases produce the same number of ATP molecules.

In bacterial cells, when glucose is completely oxidized by all the pathways of aerobic cellular respiration, what is the maximum number of ATP generated? A. 2 ATP B. 3 ATP C. 24 ATP D. 38 ATP E. 42 ATP

As the electron transport carriers shuttle electrons, they actively pump _______ into the periplasmic space, setting up a concentration gradient called the proton-motive force. A. ATP B. phosphate C. hydrogen ions D. oxygen E. NADH

How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced by the complete aerobic breakdown of one glucose molecule? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 E. 6

Which of the following is not true of anaerobic respiration? A. involves glycolysis B. generates ATP C. utilizes an electron transport system D. uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor

Certain bacteria can carry out the reduction of nitrite to nitrogen gas using pathway called ... A. aerobic respiration. B. denitrification. C. nitrification. D. fermentation. E. deamination.

Escherichia coli is an example of a facultative aerobe. In the presence of oxygen it will use aerobic respiration. In anoxic conditions, it can use _________ as a final electron acceptor catalyzed by the enzyme ________. A. succinate / succinate dehydrogenase B. quinone / NADH:quinone oxidoreducatase C. glucose / hexokinase D. nitrate / nitrate reductase E. oxygen / cytochrome oxidase

Which of the following best characterizes the flow of electrons from the Krebs cycle through a typical electron transport chain of aerobic respiration? A. NADH dehydrogenase > quinone pool > cytochrome b-c1 complex > cytochrome oxidase B. Succinate dehydrogenase > quinone pool > cytochrome b-c1 complex > quinol oxidase C. NADH dehydrogenase > quinone pool > cytochrome b-c1 complex > nitrate reductase D. lactate dehydrogenase > cytochrome c3 > Hmc > APS reductase > sulfite reductase E. pyruvate > acetaldehyde > ethanol

The reactions of fermentation function to produce _____ molecules for use in glycolysis. A. pyruvic acid B. ATP C. NAD+ D. NADH E. glucose

When a glucose molecule is broken down in bacterial fermentation, how many ATP are generated? A. 2 ATP B. 3 ATP C. 24 ATP D. 36 ATP E. 38 ATP

Fermentation ... A. requires an organic electron acceptor. B. requires oxygen. C. only occurs in aerobic organisms. D. can be equivalent to aerobic respiration in ATP production.

Which of the following is considered the simplest and most ancient form of energy metabolism? A. fermentation B. aerobic respiration C. anaerobic respiration D. denitrification E. autotrophy

The property of organisms to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency is called ... A. metabolism. B. amphibolism. C. anabolism. D. catabolism. E. biosynthesis.

The principal sites of amphibolic interaction occur during ... A. glycolysis and photosynthesis. B. the Krebs cycle and electron transport system. C. glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. D. fermentation and the Krebs cycle. E. fermentation and glycolysis.

Fatty acids can be converted to acetyl-CoA for entering the Krebs cycle by the process of ... A. amination. B. deamination. C. phosphorylation. D. beta oxidation. E. gluconeogenesis.

Organisms using this type of catabolism could grow more rapidly and with less food intake. A. fermentation B. anaerobic respiration C. aerobic respiration D. All of the above are equivalent

Which of the following macromolecules can be broken down into intermediate products that enter cellular respiration? A. Proteins B. Lipids C. Nucleic acids D. Carbohydrates E. All of the choices are correct.

A bacterial isolate is tested and found to grow in the absence of oxygen. Which of the three main pathways of catabolism may this organism utilize to produce energy in the absence of free oxygen? A. aerobic respiration and fermentation B. anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration C. fermentation and anaerobic respiration D. aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation

T/F ATP molecules are catalysts that lower the activation energy needed to initiate a reaction.

T/F Building block molecules for biosynthetic pathways come from the cell's catabolic pathways and from the environment.

T/F Denaturing an apoenzyme will destroy the three-dimensional shape of the protein, making the enzyme nonfunctional.

T/F ATP synthase is a complex enzyme needed for oxidative phosphorylation.

T/F All aerobic bacterial species have identical electron acceptors in their electron transport systems.

T/F The fermentation process always produces alcohol as at least one of its products.

T/F Among bacteria, the metabolic pathways of anabolism show less diversity than those of catabolism.

A patient with severe anorexia nervosa is admitted to the hospital for medical treatment. The patient presents with severe malnutrition and evidence of organ dysfunction. Labs are drawn and maintenance IV fluids are initiated. 1. As the RN, you initiate IV fluid therapy for the patient. Knowing the importance of cellular energy production, which of the following maintenance IV fluids would you expect to be ordered by the physician? A. 0.9% sodium chloride B. lactated ringers C. 0.4% sodium chloride D. 0.9% sodium chloride with dextrose (glucose)

A newborn infant screening yields a positive result for biotinidase deficiency. As the RN, you provide education for the patient's parents regarding the role of enzymes in metabolism and this enzyme deficiency disorder. 2. Which of the following statements, by the patient's mother, best represents an understanding of metabolism? A. "Metabolism involves the production of enzymes." B. "Metabolism involves all chemical reactions and physical workings of the cell." C. "Metabolism involves the consumption of energy for workings of the cell." D. "Metabolism involves the production of energy for workings of the cell."

All of the following are true of enzymes except: A. enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction. B. enzymes are not part of the products of a chemical reaction. C. enzymes create a chemical reaction. D. enzymes are not consumed in a chemical reaction.

Based upon knowledge of enzymes and metabolic processes, which of the following outcomes would you educate the parents to expect if the deficiency is not treated? A. no effect on the patient's health B. reduced immunity in adulthood in the patient C. mildly impaired vision in the patient D. permanent damage to organ systems and/or death of the patient

A 67-year-old patient with severe sepsis undergoes a full infectious workup upon admittance to the intensive care unit. Cultures of urine, blood, sputum, and cerebral spinal fluid are obtained. The cultures do not yield a specific organism, so further analysis of the sample is done to determine the characteristics of the microorganism. The metabolic processes are analyzed in the lab. 5. The organism is found to grow throughout the entire tube of a reducing broth media. Which of the following terms best describes the oxygen requirement of this organism? A. obligate aerobe B. microaerophile C. facultative aerobe D. obligate anaerobe

The organism sample is further confirmed to be able grow in the absence of oxygen. Which of the pathways of catabolism may this organism utilize to produce energy in the absence of free oxygen? A. aerobic respiration B. anaerobic respiration C. fermentation D. Any of the above E. Either B or C

Biochemical testing reveals that the organism reduces nitrite to produce nitrous oxide. Based upon this by-product, which of the following is the most likely catabolic pathway utilized by this organism? A. aerobic respiration B. anaerobic respiration C. fermentation D. Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, as well as fermentation, can all lead to the production of nitrous oxide

What is the maximum net yield of ATP per molecule of glucose catabolized in anaerobic respiration? A. 2 ATP B. 2-36 ATP C. 36-38 ATP D. 38-40 ATP