Physiology – Chapter 19 – Flashcards

Which substances are not normally found in filtrate?

What is the primary driving force that produces glomerular filtration?

Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damage?

Where does all filtration take place in the kidneys?

The kidneys function to produce hormones, excrete wastes, regulate blood pressure, and maintain ion balance. What is another function of the kidneys?

Which word means to selectively move molecules from the blood and add them to the tubule lumen?

What would cause the greatest increase in glomerular filtration rate?

In what does glucose transport reach saturation?

Secretion into the nephron is an _____ process because the direction is _____ the concentration gradient.

Which equation correctly describes the relationship between excretion, filtration, reabsorption, and secretion?

During the micturition reflex, what does activation of parasympathetic efferent neurons cause the bladder to do?

What is the most important function of the kidneys?

Functions of the kidneys include all but one. Identify the exception.

Ions directly regulated by the kidney include all except which one?

The characteristic yellow color of urine is attributed to the presence of _____.

Urine is produced by the _____.

The functional unit of the kidney is the _____.

Put the following in order from where urine is produced to where it exits the body: 1. Urethra 2. Urinary bladder 3. Nephron 4. Ureter

Blood leaves the glomerulus via which vessel?

Approximately what percent of the total filtered volume is excreted as urine each day?

Which part of the nephron is responsible for the greatest possible increase in urine concentration?

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by _____.

Technically, the kidneys are located _____.

Blood flow through the kidneys includes a feature seen in only a few organs. What is it?

Which structure is not a part of the blood circulation through the kidney?

The portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle is the _____.

The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the _____.

The hairpin-shaped segment of the nephron is the _____.

The segment of the nephron between the proximal and distal tubules that loops down into the medulla of the kidney and returns back to the cortex is called the _____.

The _____ branch off the _____ and supply blood to the kidneys.

The _____ carries blood from the kidneys back to the _____.

80% of the nephrons in a kidney are contained within the _____, but the other 20%, called the _____ nephrons, dip down into the _____.

Damage to the renal medulla would interfere first with the functioning of the _____.

An obstruction in a glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the _____.

Approximately how much plasma moves through the kidneys of an adult during a 24-hour period?

The three filtration barriers that substances must pass through when leaving the blood and entering the tubule lumen are the glomerular capillary endothelium, the epithelium of Bowman's capsule, and which other structure?

What unique epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule allow for the final stage of filtration?

What is the primary determinant of the net driving force for filtration in the glomerulus?

Which statement is not true?

Which kidney processes is always active and always requires energy to occur?

A glomerulus is _____.

Contents in the peritubular capillaries are actively transported into proximal and distal convoluted tubules in a process known as _____.

Movement from the nephron lumen to the external environment

Movement from the nephron lumen to the blood

Movement from the glomerulus to the nephron lumen

Movement from the peritubular capillaries to the nephron lumen

The _____ are the long peritubular capillaries that dip into the medulla.

The nephron begins with a hollow, ball-like structure called _____.

Place the following blood vessels that carry blood to and within the kidney in the order in which blood passes through them : 1. Afferent arteriole 2. Efferent arteriole 3. Glomerulus 4. Peritubular capillary

Presence of glucose in the urine is evidence of what condition?

Which correctly indicates the direction of the different forces causing filtration in the renal corpuscle?

Glomerular filtration rate is determined by the net filtration pressure and the filtration coefficient. What two factors determine the filtration coefficient?

Which is the most likely reason that GFR would fall below normal?

Which change would cause an increase in afferent arteriole resistance due to paracrine signaling from the macula densa?

The Bowman's capsule and glomerulus make up the _____.

The process of filtration in the kidney is most accurately described as _____.

All of the following will normally be found in the filtrate except _____.

Cysts on the kidney can press upon nephrons, raising the pressure inside the nephrons. How will this affect glomerular filtration rate and blood pressure?

The amount of plasma that filters into the nephrons is approximately _____ of the total volume.

In normal kidneys, blood cells and plasma proteins are _____.

Which is not a kidney filtration barrier?

The force for glomerular filtration is the _____.

Which of the following statements about auto regulation is true?

The amount of filtrate entering the proximal tubules of the kidneys each minute is the _____ rate.

The percentage of total plasma volume that filters is called the _____.

This type of auto regulation involving both the kidney tubule and the arteriole is known as _____ feedback.

The _____ cells lie between and around the glomerular capillaries.

The specialized cells found in the capsule epithelium are called _____. These cells have long cytoplasmic extensions called _____.

Neuron control of GFR is mediated by _____ that innervate _____ receptors on vascular smooth muscle causing _____.

If blood flow through the afferent arterioles increases, _____.

In a normal kidney, which conditions would cause an increase in the glomerular filtration rate?

Which combination of changes would increase the GFR the most?

Most reabsorption of fluid from the filtrate back into the blood occurs from the _____.

What is the primary driving force for glucose transport into proximal tubule cells?

Once glucose has entered the epithelial cells lining the proximal tubule, how does it cross the basolateral membrane?

If all glucose is normally reabsorbed in the proximal tubule of the nephron, why do people with diabetes have glucose in their urine?

Which transporter moves molecules via tertiary active transport?

The primary function of the proximal tubule is _____.

Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by _____.

Sodium

Glucose

Urea

Small plasma proteins

The plasma concentration at which all of the renal carriers for a given substance are saturated is the renal _____.

The excretion of glucose in the urine is called _____.

When the plasma concentration of a substance exceeds its renal concentration, more of the substance will be _____.

Urea is _____.

In the lumen of the proximal tubule, Na+ concentration _____ the Na+ concentration inside the cells of the tubule wall.

The typical pattern for molecules absorbed by Na+ -dependent transport involves this: an apical _____ and a basolateral _____.

Why is insulin administration an effective way of measuring renal clearance rates?

Approximately how much water is reabsorbed into the blood after filtration out of the blood in the renal corpuscles of the kidneys?

Sequence of locations of a sodium ion that is reabsorbed from the filtrate

The transport rate at or above which no additional glucose can be reabsorbed is called the transport _____.

Describe clearance

What causes the internal urethral sphincter to open?

After it is formed, urine is temporarily stored in the _____.

Urine is carried to the external environment by the _____.