Sociology Ch. 7/8 – Flashcards

Which of the following do not match? Mulletas : Hard Work Kellys : 80-hour work week Kellys : iPod & Kindle Mulletas : manure-plastered hut Mulletas : no electricity

Who makes the following argument with respect to social stratification: "social stratification provides the means by which a society ensures that its most important positions are filled by its most qualified and talented citizens." Functionalists Wilbert Moore and Kingsley Davis Karl Marx Answers A and B are both correct. Answers A, B, and C are each correct.

Which of the following is an accurate statement with respect to the distribution of property in the United States? Wealth is somewhat evenly distributed among six socioeconomic classes. Wealth is heavily concentrated in the Middle Class. The wealthiest ten percent (10%) own seventy-five percent (75%) of the wealth. The poorest classes are so large that they actually control about fifty percent (50%) of the nation's wealth. The wealthiest one percent (1%) own sixty-four percent (64%) of the nation's wealth.

According to Karl Marx, what would be the result of the revolution of the proletariat? A society dominated by the bourgeoisie A society ruled by the educated elite A society without social stratification A neocolonial regime without a culture of poverty A significant technological divide

Which of the following is best associated with the division of people in a society into groups based on the unequal distribution of something that is considered desirable? Social Structure Social Stratification Social Engineering Social Diversification All of the other answers are correct.

Throughout history, what has usually been the basis for the enslavement of individuals (or groups)? Debt Crime War and Conquest Racism Only the first three answers are correct.

Which of the following is an essential characteristic of a caste system? Ownership of some people by others Relatively rigid lines protecting achieved status Social position is determined by birth and is life-long. A sizable element of social mobility Absolute refusal to practice endogamy

Which of the following is a major system of social stratification? Slavery Caste System Class Estate Each of the other answers is correct.

According to Karl Marx, what is "the single factor" upon which social stratification depends? Inherited wealth Protestant Ethic Proletariat Revolution Means of Production Technological Divide

What is the essential characteristic of slavery? Racial prejudice and discrimination Ownership of some people by others Inherited ascribed status Powerlessness and poverty Lack of viable family and religious life

According to Karl Marx, what is the result of false consciousness? It holds back worker unity and the proletariat revolution. It is proof of the Davis-Moore Theory. It prevents the bourgeoisie from maintaining control. It fosters status inconsistency. All of the other answers are correct.

Which of the following is best associated with the ranking of group of people in a society into a hierarchy according to the unequal distribution of something that is considered desirable? Social Structure Social Stratification Social Mobility Social Diversification Social Engineering

Which of the following always is a characteristic of slavery? It is inheritable. It is a permanent condition. It is based on racism. Slaves are powerless and poor. None of the answers is correct.

Who was the "outspoken critic" of Karl marx who argued that social class was made up of not just property but also included two other components--power and prestige? Wilbert Moore Max Weber Gerhard Lenski Vladimir Lenin C. Wright Mills

The exploits of the fictional hero Horatio Alger are best associated with which of the following? Revolution of the Proletariat Social Mobility Culture of Poverty The Power Elite Status Inconsistency

According to Karl Marx, what is the only dividing line that counts in the social stratification of industrial society? Whether a person is an owner or a worker Whether a person is a member of the bourgeoisie or proletariat Whether a person has prestige or esteem Answers A and B are both correct. Answers B and C are both correct.

A janitor who is wealthy and who drives an expensive car is an example of which of the following? Status Inconsistency Revolution of the Proletariat Power Elite Formation Davis-Moore Theory Culture of Poverty

Which of these statements about the poor in America is accurate? Most poor people are lazy. They are poor because they do not want to work. There are more poor whites than any other group. Most of the poor live in the inner city. Most of the poor are single mothers and their children. The poor live on welfare.

"That children can pass their parents on the social class ladder is one of the attractions of this country." This statement refers to which of the following? Culture of Poverty Status Inconsistency Revolution of the Proletariat Social Mobility Neocolonialism

Which of the following is affected by the social class to which an individual belongs? Choice of Spouse Education Physical Health Mental Health All of the other answers are correct.

Which of the following are the "greatest predictors" of poverty in the United States? Race and Ethnicity Education Gender of the head of the family The first two answers both are correct. Each of the first three answers is correct.

What is the ability to carry out your will despite resistance or opposition of others (see instructor comments)? Status Dominance Power Social Mobility Class Rule Prestige

What sociologist coined the term "power elite" to refer to the concentration of power in the United States? C. Wright Mills Wilbert Moore Max Weber Karl Marx None of the other answers is correct.

Who is Robert Iger? Proof of the accuracy of the Horatio Alger myth. One of the five highest paid CEOs of large corporations in 2012 A perfect example of the pain of social mobility The leading advocate of neocolonialism Proponent of the most influential non-Marxist theory of social stratification

Which of these statements is NOT ACCURATE? Relative to their parents, 35 percent of adult children have moved up at least rung on the social class ladder. 84 percent of today's adults have family incomes higher than their parents had at the same age. Of those children who began life in the top 20 percent of the nation's income, 92 percent were still in that quintile as adults. Of children who were reared in the bottom fifth of the nation's income, only four percent moved to the top 20 percent of the nation's income. Most likely to surpass their parents with respect to family income are children who began at the bottom of the income ladder.

Which of the following is best associated with the research by Steph Lawler, Richard Sennett, and Jonathan Cobb into the impact of social mobility? A life of deprivation brings a lack of deferred gratification. The deserving poor respond positively to opportunities for upward mobility but the undeserving poor do not. The deserving poor are able to overcome poverty triggers. Upward social mobility can be painful. The feminization of poverty is positively associated with upward mobility.

Which of the following is best associated with the practice by which only first born sons inherit the family property? Indentured Servitude Meritocracy Divine Right of Kings Primogeniture Colonialism

Which of the following statements about the distribution of income in the United States is accurate? The top 20 percent of the population receives half (50.2 percent) of all income in the United States. Since 1970, the richest 20 percent of U.S. families have grown richer while the poorest 20 percent have grown poorer. The average worker would have to put in 3,000 years to earn what the highest paid CEO earns in one year. The first two answers both are accurate. Each of the first three answers is accurate.

Which of the following is best associated with efforts to reduce contact between castes? Social Mobility Lumpenproletariat Ritual Pollution Big Brother Technology Divine Right of Kings

Which of the following provides the best example of a caste system? The Dinka Tribe Bourgeoisie/Proletariat System Pre-Civil War American South India None of the other answers is correct.

A member of the Brahman could be contaminated by the shadow of which of the following? Members of the Dinka Tribe Untouchable Women Lumpenproletariat Maquiladores

Which of the following is an argument which Melvin Tumin made against the functionalist explanation of the inevitability of social stratification? We can not know for certain which positions within a society are the most important. The actual distribution of positions within society is not based on merit. Social stratification is dysfunctional for many individuals and families. Answer A and B are both correct. Answers A, B, and C are each correct.

According to sociologist Martha Huggins, what is the cause each year for the murder of poor children in modern Brazil? Touching a Brahman Stealing Garbage Revolution of the Proletariat Ritual Pollution Enforcement of NAFTA

Which economist argued that the Least Industrialized Nations are crippled by a Culture of Poverty? John Kenneth Galbraith Michael Harrington Immanuel Wallerstein Ralf Dahrendorf Gerhyard Lenski

Mexico's maquiladores are best associated with which of the following? Revolution of the Proletarial Globalization of Capitalism Ritual Pollution of Brahmins Divine Right of Kings Davis-Moore Hypothesis

Which of the following is a feature of the U.S. jobs which have the most prestige? They pay more. They require more education. They require more abstract thought. They offer greater autonomy (freedom of action). Each of the other answers is correct.

Which of the following refers to the change which occurs when grown-up children end up in a different position in the system of social stratification than the position occupied by their parents? Horatio Algerism Welfare Reform Intergenerational Mobility Contradictory Class Location Status Inconsistency

Which of the following statements regarding gender stratification is NOT ACCURATE? The majority of the world's illiterate population are women. In some societies, gender is the sole basis for stratification. In every society of the world, men's earnings are higher than women's. Gender inequality cuts across all systems of social stratification--whether slavery, caste, or class. In every society of the world, gender is a basis for social stratification.

What is the term that Karl Marx used for those who own the means of production? Brahman Lumpenproletariat Neocolonialists Bourgeoisie Multinationals

According to the six-class model developed by Joseph Kahl and Dennis Gilbert, what percentage of the U.S. population belongs to the capitalist class? One percent Fifteen percent Thirty-four percent Thirty percent Four percent

Which of the following statements regarding the consequences of social class is NOT ACCURATE? The effects of social class on physical health are startling. In all age groups, those in the higher classes are less likely to die than those in the lower classes. The mental health of the lower classes is worse than that of the higher classes The churches people attend is the one area of social life not affected by social class. The likelihood of divorce and of growing up in a broken home is greater for the poor than for the rich. People toward the bottom of the class structure are less likely to be politically active.

Which statement regarding the ideas of Karl Marx is NOT ACCURATE? He believed that human history is a chronicle of class struggle. He predicted that one day workers would revolt and take over the means of production. He believed that all of human history is an account of oppressed groups trying to overcome oppression. He believed that once worker resistance broke into the open, the revolution would happen easily. He believed that the capitalists used the educational system as a means to control the workers' children.

Which of these statements regarding poverty in the United States is NOT ACCURATE? Although whites are less likely than minorities to be poor, there are more poor whites than poor people of any other racial or ethnic group. The rate of poverty in rural areas is less than for the nation as a whole. Poverty has "clustered" in the South for more than 150 years. Families that are the least likely to be poor are headed by both the mother and father. The elderly are less likely than the general population to be poor.

What is regarded as the least effective means by which elites maintain inequality? Use of force Controlling ideas Ideology Controlling information Use of technology

In the Kahl-Gilbert six-tier model of social class in the United States, about what percent of the population belongs to the working poor? Twenty-two percent Thirty-four percent Thirty percent Fifteen percent Five percent

The Stock Market Crash of 1929 is best associated with which of the following? Structural Mobility Exchange Mobility Intergenerational Mobility Upward social mobility None of the other answers is correct.

Which of the following statements regarding the dynamics of poverty is accurate? Most poverty in the United States last, at least, 18 months. From one year to the next, the number of poor people remains about the same. About 33 percent of poverty last five years or longer. People who move out of poverty are replaced by people who move into poverty. The majority of poor people seem to like their station in life and do little that would help them not to be poor.

In addressing the question why are people poor, a sociologist would be most likely to focus on which of the following as an answer? Characteristics of individuals Blaming the Victim Worthless stereotypes Laziness and lack of intelligence None of the other answers is correct.

Which of the following is best associated with the role of multinational corporations? Perpetuation of international stratification Perpetuation of the global dominance of the Most Industrialized Nations Divine Right of Kings Both the first two answers are correct. Each of the first three answers is correct.

Which of the world's industrialized nations has the highest income per person? United States Denmark Luxembourg Germany Japan

Which statement regarding the arguments of Gaetano Mosca is NOT ACCURATE? Only societies with powerful leadership will resist the tendency toward social stratification. He argued that every society will be stratified by power. Social stratification is inevitable in every society. Human nature means that people in power will seize greater rewards for themselves. The organization of a society requires that some people have more power than others.

Which sociologist has attempted to reconcile the views of functionalists and conflict theorists regarding social stratification? Max Weber Gerhard Lenski Gaetano Mosca Wright Mills Michael Harrington

According to Erik Wright, which of the following is associated with an automobile mechanic who starts his own auto repair business with five or six employees? Status Inconsistency Horatio Alger Myth Intragenerational Mobility Contradictory Class Location Exchange Mobility

Which of the following statements regarding social stratification in Great Britain is NOT ACCURATE? Education is the primary means by which social stratification is perpetuated from one generation to the next. The richest 5 percent send their children to exclusive private boarding schools. With the spread of mass media, distinctive speech has come to have less impact in British life. Fifty percent of the students at the most prestiguous universities come from the top 5 percent of the population. Its most striking characteristics are language and education.

With which of the following is the "divine right of Kings" best associated? Social stratification among the Least Industrialized Nations Colonialism and World System Theory Neocolonialism and global stratification Use of ideology by elites to maintain social stratification Control of information by ruling elites.

Colonialism is best associated with which of the following? How the world's nations became stratified The spread of gender stratification throughout the world The elimination of the caste system in South Africa Current applications of conflict theory to stratification The power of ideology in controlling the masses

Which of the following statements regarding social stratification is NOT ACCURATE? Social stratification affects our life chances--from our access to material possessions to the age at which we die. Social stratification affects the way we think about life. Every society has social stratification. In every society of the world, gender is a basis for social stratification. Each of the statements is accurate.

With which of the following is neocolonialism best associated? Wallerstein and World System Theory Use of international markets to control the Least Industrialized Nations Social stratification in the former Soviet Union Perpetuation of the Divine Right of Kings None of the other answers is correct.

Which statement regarding the distribution of the Earth's wealth is NOT ACCURATE? The wealthiest 10 percent of adults worldwide own 90 percent of the earth's wealth. The wealthiest 1 percent of adults worldwide own 40 percent of the earth's wealth. The wealthiest 10 percent of Americans own 75 percent of the nation's wealth. The wealthiest 1 percent of Americans own 36 percent of the nation's wealth. Only A and C are accurate.

Who was the name that Karl Marx gave to people who lived on the margin of society (beggars, vagrants, criminals)? Bourgeoisie Lumpenproletariat The Dump People Maquiladoras None of the other answers is correct.

Which of the world's industrializing nations has the lowest income per person? Czech Republic Uruguay Ireland China Finland

In which year, did the richest 20 percent of people in the United States earn the smallest percent of the nation's income? 2007 2000 1990 1970 1935

Which statement regarding children in poverty in the United States is NOT ACCURATE? Twenty-two percent (22%) of children under age of 18 are poor. Children are more likely to live in poverty than are adults or the elderly. Asian Americans have the lowest rate of childhood poverty. Births to single mothers is a major reason for why so many U.S. Children live in poverty. The first two statements are accurate; the last two statements are not.

The richest 1,000 members of this group have more wealth than the 2.5 billion poorest people on the planet combined. the Lumpenproletariat the Meritocracy the Global Superclass the Neocolonials the nouveau riche

What is best associated with how an individual displays her (or his) prestige? Anomie Ritual Pollution Upward Mobility Poverty Triggers Status Symbols

Which of the following can be a poverty trigger? Loss of a job Serious illness Disabling accident Family breakup All of the above

Which occupation has a higher rank in the United States compared to the average ranking of 60 countries? Sociologist Farmer College president Registered Nurse Secretary

Which group of women has the greatest percentage of births to single mothers? Those who earn an Associate Degree Those who earn a Graduate Degree High school graduates Those who did not graduate from high school Those who earn a Bachelor's Degree

Which of the following relationships regarding how long people remain in poverty is NOT ACCURATE? Up to 3 years : 8% Up to 4 years : 10% One year or less : 59% Five years or more : 12% Two years : 17%

Which of the following is best associated with the "most common consequence" of winning the lottery? Status inconsistency Medicinal strait jackets Exchange mobility Ritual pollution Poverty triggers

Which state has the lowest percentage of its population in poverty? Texas New Hampshire Massachusetts Hawaii Kentucky

Which of the following is best associated with the clergy of Europe during the Middle Ages? The First Estate The Second Estate The Third Estate The Fourth Estate

Nelson Mandela was a leader in the fight against which specific manifestation of social stratification? Apartheid in South Africa The Estate System of the Middle Ages The Caste System of India Slavery in Mauritania and the Sudan The Global Superclass

Which of the following is best associated with a system by which an individual essentially sells himself/herself into bondage temporarily in order to work off (pay off) some debt or other financial obligation? The Estate System Indentured servitude Apartheid Mauritanian slavery Primogeniture

Which statement regarding the Dump People of Camboria is NOT ACCURATE? Children who live in the dump also play there. There is no way to get food in the dump. Each day residents must make a long trek into the outskirts of the city just to eat. Ice is delivered to the dump each day so that residents are able to get crushed ice drinks. There is no indoor plumbing, and water is supplied through a community pump which serves all the water needs--drinking, washing, and cooking.